candle_core/

storage.rs

use crate::backend::BackendStorage;
use crate::op::{self, CmpOp, ReduceOp};
use crate::{CpuStorage, CudaStorage, DType, Device, Error, Layout, MetalStorage, Result, Shape};
use crate::{CustomOp1, CustomOp2, CustomOp3, InplaceOp1, InplaceOp2, InplaceOp3};

// We do not want to implement Clone on Storage as cloning may fail because of
// out of memory. Instead try_clone should be used.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Storage {
    Cpu(CpuStorage),
    Cuda(CudaStorage),
    Metal(MetalStorage),
}

impl Storage {
    pub fn try_clone(&self, layout: &Layout) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Self::Cpu(storage) => Ok(Self::Cpu(storage.clone())),
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.try_clone(layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.try_clone(layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn device(&self) -> Device {
        match self {
            Self::Cpu(_) => Device::Cpu,
            Self::Cuda(storage) => Device::Cuda(storage.device().clone()),
            Self::Metal(storage) => Device::Metal(storage.device().clone()),
        }
    }

    pub fn dtype(&self) -> DType {
        match self {
            Self::Cpu(storage) => storage.dtype(),
            Self::Cuda(storage) => storage.dtype(),
            Self::Metal(storage) => storage.dtype(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn same_device(&self, rhs: &Self, op: &'static str) -> Result<()> {
        let lhs_device = self.device();
        let rhs_device = rhs.device();
        let lhs = lhs_device.location();
        let rhs = rhs_device.location();
        let same_device = if self.device().is_metal() {
            // On metal, we require the device to be exactly the same rather than
            // having the same location. In cuda this is not necessary as all CudaDevice on the
            // same GPU will use the same cuda stream.
            lhs_device.same_device(&rhs_device)
        } else {
            lhs == rhs
        };
        if !same_device {
            Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp { lhs, rhs, op }.bt())
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn same_dtype(&self, rhs: &Self, op: &'static str) -> Result<()> {
        let lhs = self.dtype();
        let rhs = rhs.dtype();
        if lhs != rhs {
            Err(Error::DTypeMismatchBinaryOp { lhs, rhs, op }.bt())
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn affine(&self, layout: &Layout, mul: f64, add: f64) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.affine(layout, mul, add)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.affine(layout, mul, add)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.affine(layout, mul, add)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn powf(&self, layout: &Layout, alpha: f64) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.powf(layout, alpha)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.powf(layout, alpha)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.powf(layout, alpha)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn elu(&self, layout: &Layout, alpha: f64) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.elu(layout, alpha)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.elu(layout, alpha)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.elu(layout, alpha)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn cmp(
        &self,
        op: CmpOp,
        rhs: &Self,
        lhs_layout: &Layout,
        rhs_layout: &Layout,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(rhs, "cmp")?;
        self.same_dtype(rhs, "cmp")?;
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Storage::Cpu(lhs), Storage::Cpu(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.cmp(op, rhs, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(lhs), Self::Cuda(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.cmp(op, rhs, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(lhs), Self::Metal(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.cmp(op, rhs, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => {
                // Should not happen because of the same device check above but we're defensive
                // anyway.
                Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                    lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                    rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                    op: "cmp",
                }
                .bt())
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn reduce_op(&self, op: ReduceOp, layout: &Layout, s: &[usize]) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.reduce_op(op, layout, s)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.reduce_op(op, layout, s)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.reduce_op(op, layout, s)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn to_dtype(&self, layout: &Layout, dtype: DType) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.to_dtype(layout, dtype)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.to_dtype(layout, dtype)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.to_dtype(layout, dtype)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn apply_op1(&self, l: &Layout, c: &dyn CustomOp1) -> Result<(Self, Shape)> {
        match self {
            Self::Cpu(storage) => {
                let (storage, shape) = c.cpu_fwd(storage, l)?;
                Ok((Self::Cpu(storage), shape))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let (storage, shape) = c.cuda_fwd(storage, l)?;
                Ok((Self::Cuda(storage), shape))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let (storage, shape) = c.metal_fwd(storage, l)?;
                Ok((Self::Metal(storage), shape))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn apply_op2(
        &self,
        l1: &Layout,
        t2: &Self,
        l2: &Layout,
        c: &dyn CustomOp2,
    ) -> Result<(Self, Shape)> {
        self.same_device(t2, c.name())?;
        match (self, t2) {
            (Self::Cpu(s1), Self::Cpu(s2)) => {
                let (s, shape) = c.cpu_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2)?;
                Ok((Self::Cpu(s), shape))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(s1), Self::Cuda(s2)) => {
                let (s, shape) = c.cuda_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2)?;
                Ok((Self::Cuda(s), shape))
            }
            (Self::Metal(s1), Self::Metal(s2)) => {
                let (s, shape) = c.metal_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2)?;
                Ok((Self::Metal(s), shape))
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn apply_op3(
        &self,
        l1: &Layout,
        t2: &Self,
        l2: &Layout,
        t3: &Self,
        l3: &Layout,
        c: &dyn CustomOp3,
    ) -> Result<(Self, Shape)> {
        self.same_device(t2, c.name())?;
        self.same_device(t3, c.name())?;
        match (self, t2, t3) {
            (Self::Cpu(s1), Self::Cpu(s2), Self::Cpu(s3)) => {
                let (s, shape) = c.cpu_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2, s3, l3)?;
                Ok((Self::Cpu(s), shape))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(s1), Self::Cuda(s2), Self::Cuda(s3)) => {
                let (s, shape) = c.cuda_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2, s3, l3)?;
                Ok((Self::Cuda(s), shape))
            }
            (Self::Metal(s1), Self::Metal(s2), Self::Metal(s3)) => {
                let (s, shape) = c.metal_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2, s3, l3)?;
                Ok((Self::Metal(s), shape))
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn inplace_op1(&mut self, l: &Layout, c: &dyn InplaceOp1) -> Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::Cpu(storage) => c.cpu_fwd(storage, l),
            Self::Cuda(storage) => c.cuda_fwd(storage, l),
            Self::Metal(storage) => c.metal_fwd(storage, l),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn inplace_op2(
        &mut self,
        l1: &Layout,
        t2: &Self,
        l2: &Layout,
        c: &dyn InplaceOp2,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.same_device(t2, c.name())?;
        match (self, t2) {
            (Self::Cpu(s1), Self::Cpu(s2)) => c.cpu_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2),
            (Self::Cuda(s1), Self::Cuda(s2)) => c.cuda_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2),
            (Self::Metal(s1), Self::Metal(s2)) => c.metal_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2),
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn inplace_op3(
        &mut self,
        l1: &Layout,
        t2: &Self,
        l2: &Layout,
        t3: &Self,
        l3: &Layout,
        c: &dyn InplaceOp3,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.same_device(t2, c.name())?;
        self.same_device(t3, c.name())?;
        match (self, t2, t3) {
            (Self::Cpu(s1), Self::Cpu(s2), Self::Cpu(s3)) => c.cpu_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2, s3, l3),
            (Self::Cuda(s1), Self::Cuda(s2), Self::Cuda(s3)) => c.cuda_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2, s3, l3),
            (Self::Metal(s1), Self::Metal(s2), Self::Metal(s3)) => {
                c.metal_fwd(s1, l1, s2, l2, s3, l3)
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn unary_impl<B: op::UnaryOpT>(&self, layout: &Layout) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.unary_impl::<B>(layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.unary_impl::<B>(layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.unary_impl::<B>(layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn binary_impl<B: op::BinaryOpT>(
        &self,
        rhs: &Self,
        lhs_layout: &Layout,
        rhs_layout: &Layout,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(rhs, B::NAME)?;
        self.same_dtype(rhs, B::NAME)?;
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Storage::Cpu(lhs), Storage::Cpu(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.binary_impl::<B>(rhs, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(lhs), Self::Cuda(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.binary_impl::<B>(rhs, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(lhs), Self::Metal(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.binary_impl::<B>(rhs, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => {
                // Should not happen because of the same device check above but we're defensive
                // anyway.
                Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                    lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                    rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                    op: B::NAME,
                }
                .bt())
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn conv1d(
        &self,
        l: &Layout,
        kernel: &Self,
        kernel_l: &Layout,
        params: &crate::conv::ParamsConv1D,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(kernel, "conv1d")?;
        self.same_dtype(kernel, "conv1d")?;
        match (self, &kernel) {
            (Storage::Cpu(inp), Storage::Cpu(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv1d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(s))
            }
            (Storage::Cuda(inp), Storage::Cuda(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv1d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(s))
            }
            (Storage::Metal(inp), Storage::Metal(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv1d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(s))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "conv1d",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn conv_transpose1d(
        &self,
        l: &Layout,
        kernel: &Self,
        kernel_l: &Layout,
        params: &crate::conv::ParamsConvTranspose1D,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(kernel, "conv-transpose1d")?;
        self.same_dtype(kernel, "conv-transpose1d")?;
        match (self, &kernel) {
            (Storage::Cpu(inp), Storage::Cpu(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv_transpose1d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(s))
            }
            (Storage::Cuda(inp), Storage::Cuda(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv_transpose1d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(s))
            }
            (Storage::Metal(inp), Storage::Metal(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv_transpose1d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(s))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "conv-transpose1d",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn conv2d(
        &self,
        l: &Layout,
        kernel: &Self,
        kernel_l: &Layout,
        params: &crate::conv::ParamsConv2D,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(kernel, "conv2d")?;
        self.same_dtype(kernel, "conv2d")?;
        match (self, &kernel) {
            (Storage::Cpu(inp), Storage::Cpu(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv2d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(s))
            }
            (Storage::Cuda(inp), Storage::Cuda(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv2d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(s))
            }
            (Storage::Metal(inp), Storage::Metal(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv2d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(s))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "conv2d",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn conv_transpose2d(
        &self,
        l: &Layout,
        kernel: &Self,
        kernel_l: &Layout,
        params: &crate::conv::ParamsConvTranspose2D,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(kernel, "conv_transpose2d")?;
        self.same_dtype(kernel, "conv_transpose2d")?;
        match (self, &kernel) {
            (Storage::Cpu(inp), Storage::Cpu(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv_transpose2d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(s))
            }
            (Storage::Cuda(inp), Storage::Cuda(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv_transpose2d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(s))
            }
            (Storage::Metal(inp), Storage::Metal(kernel)) => {
                let s = inp.conv_transpose2d(l, kernel, kernel_l, params)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(s))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "conv_transpose2d",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn avg_pool2d(
        &self,
        layout: &Layout,
        kernel_size: (usize, usize),
        stride: (usize, usize),
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.avg_pool2d(layout, kernel_size, stride)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.avg_pool2d(layout, kernel_size, stride)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.avg_pool2d(layout, kernel_size, stride)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn max_pool2d(
        &self,
        layout: &Layout,
        kernel_size: (usize, usize),
        stride: (usize, usize),
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.max_pool2d(layout, kernel_size, stride)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.max_pool2d(layout, kernel_size, stride)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.max_pool2d(layout, kernel_size, stride)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn upsample_nearest1d(&self, layout: &Layout, sz: usize) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.upsample_nearest1d(layout, sz)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.upsample_nearest1d(layout, sz)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.upsample_nearest1d(layout, sz)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn upsample_nearest2d(&self, layout: &Layout, h: usize, w: usize) -> Result<Self> {
        match self {
            Storage::Cpu(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.upsample_nearest2d(layout, h, w)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            Self::Cuda(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.upsample_nearest2d(layout, h, w)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            Self::Metal(storage) => {
                let storage = storage.upsample_nearest2d(layout, h, w)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn where_cond(
        &self,
        layout: &Layout,
        t: &Self,
        layout_t: &Layout,
        f: &Self,
        layout_f: &Layout,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(t, "where")?;
        self.same_device(f, "where")?;
        t.same_dtype(f, "where")?;
        match (self, t, f) {
            (Storage::Cpu(cond), Storage::Cpu(t), Storage::Cpu(f)) => {
                let storage = cond.where_cond(layout, t, layout_t, f, layout_f)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(cond), Self::Cuda(t), Self::Cuda(f)) => {
                let storage = cond.where_cond(layout, t, layout_t, f, layout_f)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(cond), Self::Metal(t), Self::Metal(f)) => {
                let storage = cond.where_cond(layout, t, layout_t, f, layout_f)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            (_, lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "where",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn gather(
        &self,
        l: &Layout,
        indexes: &Self,
        indexes_l: &Layout,
        d: usize,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(indexes, "index-add")?;
        match (self, indexes) {
            (Self::Cpu(s), Self::Cpu(indexes)) => {
                let storage = s.gather(l, indexes, indexes_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(s), Self::Cuda(indexes)) => {
                let storage = s.gather(l, indexes, indexes_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(s), Self::Metal(indexes)) => {
                let storage = s.gather(l, indexes, indexes_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn scatter_add(
        &self,
        l: &Layout,
        indexes: &Self,
        indexes_l: &Layout,
        source: &Self,
        source_l: &Layout,
        d: usize,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(indexes, "scatter-add")?;
        self.same_device(source, "scatter-add")?;
        match (self, indexes, source) {
            (Self::Cpu(s), Self::Cpu(indexes), Self::Cpu(source)) => {
                let storage = s.scatter_add(l, indexes, indexes_l, source, source_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(s), Self::Cuda(indexes), Self::Cuda(source)) => {
                let storage = s.scatter_add(l, indexes, indexes_l, source, source_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(s), Self::Metal(indexes), Self::Metal(source)) => {
                let storage = s.scatter_add(l, indexes, indexes_l, source, source_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn index_add(
        &self,
        l: &Layout,
        indexes: &Self,
        indexes_l: &Layout,
        source: &Self,
        source_l: &Layout,
        d: usize,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(indexes, "index-add")?;
        self.same_device(source, "index-add")?;
        match (self, indexes, source) {
            (Self::Cpu(s), Self::Cpu(indexes), Self::Cpu(source)) => {
                let storage = s.index_add(l, indexes, indexes_l, source, source_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(s), Self::Cuda(indexes), Self::Cuda(source)) => {
                let storage = s.index_add(l, indexes, indexes_l, source, source_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(s), Self::Metal(indexes), Self::Metal(source)) => {
                let storage = s.index_add(l, indexes, indexes_l, source, source_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn index_select(
        &self,
        rhs: &Self,
        lhs_l: &Layout,
        rhs_l: &Layout,
        d: usize,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(rhs, "index-select")?;
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Self::Cpu(lhs), Self::Cpu(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.index_select(rhs, lhs_l, rhs_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(lhs), Self::Cuda(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.index_select(rhs, lhs_l, rhs_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(lhs), Self::Metal(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.index_select(rhs, lhs_l, rhs_l, d)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "index-select",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn matmul(
        &self,
        rhs: &Self,
        bmnk: (usize, usize, usize, usize),
        lhs_layout: &Layout,
        rhs_layout: &Layout,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        self.same_device(rhs, "matmul")?;
        self.same_dtype(rhs, "matmul")?;
        match (self, rhs) {
            (Self::Cpu(lhs), Self::Cpu(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.matmul(rhs, bmnk, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cpu(storage))
            }
            (Self::Cuda(lhs), Self::Cuda(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.matmul(rhs, bmnk, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Cuda(storage))
            }
            (Self::Metal(lhs), Self::Metal(rhs)) => {
                let storage = lhs.matmul(rhs, bmnk, lhs_layout, rhs_layout)?;
                Ok(Self::Metal(storage))
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "matmul",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    // self, the source can be strided whereas dst is contiguous.
    pub(crate) fn copy_strided_src(
        &self,
        dst: &mut Self,
        dst_offset: usize,
        src_l: &Layout,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        match (self, dst) {
            (Self::Cpu(src), Self::Cpu(dst)) => src.copy_strided_src(dst, dst_offset, src_l),
            (Self::Cuda(src), Self::Cuda(dst)) => Ok(src.copy_strided_src(dst, dst_offset, src_l)?),
            (Self::Metal(src), Self::Metal(dst)) => {
                Ok(src.copy_strided_src(dst, dst_offset, src_l)?)
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "copy",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub(crate) fn copy2d(
        &self,
        dst: &mut Self,
        d1: usize,
        d2: usize,
        src_s: usize,
        dst_s: usize,
        src_o: usize,
        dst_o: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        match (self, dst) {
            (Self::Cpu(src), Self::Cpu(dst)) => src.copy2d(dst, d1, d2, src_s, dst_s, src_o, dst_o),
            (Self::Cuda(src), Self::Cuda(dst)) => {
                Ok(src.copy2d(dst, d1, d2, src_s, dst_s, src_o, dst_o)?)
            }
            (Self::Metal(src), Self::Metal(dst)) => {
                Ok(src.copy2d(dst, d1, d2, src_s, dst_s, src_o, dst_o)?)
            }
            (lhs, rhs) => Err(Error::DeviceMismatchBinaryOp {
                lhs: lhs.device().location(),
                rhs: rhs.device().location(),
                op: "copy2d",
            }
            .bt()),
        }
    }
}