## FAQ
* [Does ripgrep support configuration files?](#config)
* [What's changed in ripgrep recently?](#changelog)
* [When is the next release?](#release)
* [Does ripgrep have a man page?](#manpage)
* [Does ripgrep have support for shell auto-completion?](#complete)
* [How can I get results in a consistent order?](#order)
* [How do I search files that aren't UTF-8?](#encoding)
* [How do I search compressed files?](#compressed)
* [How do I search over multiple lines?](#multiline)
* [How do I use lookaround and/or backreferences?](#fancy)
* [How do I configure ripgrep's colors?](#colors)
* [How do I enable true colors on Windows?](#truecolors-windows)
* [How do I stop ripgrep from messing up colors when I kill it?](#stop-ripgrep)
* [Why does using a leading `/` on Windows fail?](#because-cygwin)
* [How do I get around the regex size limit?](#size-limit)
* [How do I make the `-f/--file` flag faster?](#dfa-size)
* [How do I make the output look like The Silver Searcher's output?](#silver-searcher-output)
* [Why does ripgrep get slower when I enabled PCRE2 regexes?](#pcre2-slow)
* [When I run `rg`, why does it execute some other command?](#rg-other-cmd)
* [How do I create an alias for ripgrep on Windows?](#rg-alias-windows)
* [How do I create a PowerShell profile?](#powershell-profile)
* [How do I pipe non-ASCII content to ripgrep on Windows?](#pipe-non-ascii-windows)
* [How can I search and replace with ripgrep?](#search-and-replace)
* [How is ripgrep licensed?](#license)
* [Can ripgrep replace grep?](#posix4ever)
* [What does the "rip" in ripgrep mean?](#intentcountsforsomething)
* [How can I donate to ripgrep or its maintainers?](#donations)
<h3 name="config">
Does ripgrep support configuration files?
</h3>
Yes. See the
[guide's section on configuration files](GUIDE.md#configuration-file).
<h3 name="changelog">
What's changed in ripgrep recently?
</h3>
Please consult ripgrep's [CHANGELOG](CHANGELOG.md).
<h3 name="release">
When is the next release?
</h3>
ripgrep is a project whose contributors are volunteers. A release schedule
adds undue stress to said volunteers. Therefore, releases are made on a best
effort basis and no dates **will ever be given**.
An exception to this _can be_ high impact bugs. If a ripgrep release contains
a significant regression, then there will generally be a strong push to get a
patch release out with a fix. However, no promises are made.
<h3 name="manpage">
Does ripgrep have a man page?
</h3>
Yes. If you installed ripgrep through a package manager on a Unix system, then
it would have ideally been installed for you in the proper location. In which
case, `man rg` should just work.
Otherwise, you can ask ripgrep to generate the man page:
```
$ mkdir -p man/man1
$ rg --generate man > man/man1/rg.1
$ MANPATH="$PWD/man" man rg
```
Or, if your version of `man` supports the `-l/--local-file` flag, then this
will suffice:
```
Note that the man page's documentation for options is equivalent to the output
shown in `rg --help`. To see more condensed documentation (one line per flag),
run `rg -h`.
The man page is also included in all
[ripgrep binary releases](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/releases).
<h3 name="complete">
Does ripgrep have support for shell auto-completion?
</h3>
Yes! If you installed ripgrep through a package manager on a Unix system, then
the shell completion files included in the release archive should have been
installed for you automatically. If not, you can generate completes using
ripgrep's command line interface.
For **bash**:
```
$ dir="$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/bash_completion"
$ mkdir -p "$dir"
$ rg --generate complete-bash > "$dir/rg.bash"
```
For **fish**:
```
$ dir="$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fish/completions"
$ mkdir -p "$dir"
$ rg --generate complete-fish > "$dir/rg.fish"
```
For **zsh**:
```
$ dir="$HOME/.zsh-complete"
$ mkdir -p "$dir"
$ rg --generate complete-zsh > "$dir/_rg"
```
For **PowerShell**, create the completions:
```
$ rg --generate complete-powershell > _rg.ps1
```
And then add `. _rg.ps1` to your PowerShell
[profile](https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb613488(v=vs.85).aspx)
(note the leading period). If the `_rg.ps1` file is not on your `PATH`, do
`. /path/to/_rg.ps1` instead.
<h3 name="order">
How can I get results in a consistent order?
</h3>
By default, ripgrep uses parallelism to execute its search because this makes
the search much faster on most modern systems. This in turn means that ripgrep
has a non-deterministic aspect to it, since the interleaving of threads during
the execution of the program is itself non-deterministic. This has the effect
of printing results in a somewhat arbitrary order, and this order can change
from run to run of ripgrep.
The only way to make the order of results consistent is to ask ripgrep to
sort the output. Currently, this will disable all parallelism. (On smaller
repositories, you might not notice much of a performance difference!) You
can achieve this with the `--sort path` flag.
There is more discussion on this topic here:
https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/issues/152
<h3 name="encoding">
How do I search files that aren't UTF-8?
</h3>
See the [guide's section on file encoding](GUIDE.md#file-encoding).
<h3 name="compressed">
How do I search compressed files?
</h3>
ripgrep's `-z/--search-zip` flag will cause it to search compressed files
automatically. Currently, this supports gzip, bzip2, xz, lzma, lz4, Brotli and
Zstd. Each of these requires the corresponding `gzip`, `bzip2`, `xz`,
`lz4`, `brotli` and `zstd` binaries to be installed on your system. (That is,
ripgrep does decompression by shelling out to another process.)
ripgrep currently does not search archive formats, so `*.tar.gz` files, for
example, are skipped.
<h3 name="multiline">
How do I search over multiple lines?
</h3>
The `-U/--multiline` flag enables ripgrep to report results that span over
multiple lines.
<h3 name="fancy">
How do I use lookaround and/or backreferences?
</h3>
ripgrep's default regex engine does not support lookaround or backreferences.
This is primarily because the default regex engine is implemented using finite
state machines in order to guarantee a linear worst case time complexity on all
inputs. Backreferences are not possible to implement in this paradigm, and
lookaround appears difficult to do efficiently.
However, ripgrep optionally supports using PCRE2 as the regex engine instead of
the default one based on finite state machines. You can enable PCRE2 with the
`-P/--pcre2` flag. For example, in the root of the ripgrep repo, you can easily
find all palindromes:
```
$ rg -P '(\w{10})\1'
tests/misc.rs
483: cmd.arg("--max-filesize").arg("44444444444444444444");
globset/src/glob.rs
1206: matches!(match7, "a*a*a*a*a*a*a*a*a", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
```
If your version of ripgrep doesn't support PCRE2, then you'll get an error
message when you try to use the `-P/--pcre2` flag:
```
$ rg -P '(\w{10})\1'
PCRE2 is not available in this build of ripgrep
```
Most of the releases distributed by the ripgrep project here on GitHub will
come bundled with PCRE2 enabled. If you installed ripgrep through a different
means (like your system's package manager), then please reach out to the
maintainer of that package to see whether it's possible to enable the PCRE2
feature.
<h3 name="colors">
How do I configure ripgrep's colors?
</h3>
ripgrep has two flags related to colors:
* `--color` controls *when* to use colors.
* `--colors` controls *which* colors to use.
The `--color` flag accepts one of the following possible values: `never`,
`auto`, `always` or `ansi`. The `auto` value is the default and will cause
ripgrep to only enable colors when it is printing to a terminal. But if you
pipe ripgrep to a file or some other process, then it will suppress colors.
The `--colors` flag is a bit more complicated. The general format is:
```
--colors '{type}:{attribute}:{value}'
```
* `{type}` should be one of `path`, `line`, `column` or `match`. Each of these
correspond to the four different types of things that ripgrep will add color
to in its output. Select the type whose color you want to change.
* `{attribute}` should be one of `fg`, `bg` or `style`, corresponding to
foreground color, background color, or miscellaneous styling (such as whether
to bold the output or not).
* `{value}` is determined by the value of `{attribute}`. If
`{attribute}` is `style`, then `{value}` should be one of `nobold`,
`bold`, `nointense`, `intense`, `nounderline` or `underline`. If
`{attribute}` is `fg` or `bg`, then `{value}` should be a color.
A color is specified by either one of eight of English names, a single 256-bit
number or an RGB triple (with over 16 million possible values, or "true
color").
The color names are `red`, `blue`, `green`, `cyan`, `magenta`, `yellow`,
`white` or `black`.
A single 256-bit number is a value in the range 0-255 (inclusive). It can
either be in decimal format (e.g., `62`) or hexadecimal format (e.g., `0x3E`).
An RGB triple corresponds to three numbers (decimal or hexadecimal) separated
by commas.
As a special case, `--colors '{type}:none'` will clear all colors and styles
associated with `{type}`, which lets you start with a clean slate (instead of
building on top of ripgrep's default color settings).
Here's an example that makes highlights the matches with a nice blue background
with bolded white text:
```
$ rg somepattern \
--colors 'match:none' \
--colors 'match:bg:0x33,0x66,0xFF' \
--colors 'match:fg:white' \
--colors 'match:style:bold'
```
Colors are an ideal candidate to set in your
[configuration file](GUIDE.md#configuration-file). See the
[question on emulating The Silver Searcher's output style](#silver-searcher-output)
for an example specific to colors.
<h3 name="truecolors-windows">
How do I enable true colors on Windows?
</h3>
First, see the previous question's
[answer on configuring colors](#colors).
Secondly, coloring on Windows is a bit complicated. If you're using a terminal
like Cygwin, then it's likely true color support already works out of the box.
However, if you are using a normal Windows console (`cmd` or `PowerShell`) and
a version of Windows prior to 10, then there is no known way to get true
color support. If you are on Windows 10 and using a Windows console, then
true colors should work out of the box with one caveat: you might need to
clear ripgrep's default color settings first. That is, instead of this:
```
$ rg somepattern --colors 'match:fg:0x33,0x66,0xFF'
```
you should do this
```
$ rg somepattern --colors 'match:none' --colors 'match:fg:0x33,0x66,0xFF'
```
This is because ripgrep might set the default style for `match` to `bold`, and
it seems like Windows 10's VT100 support doesn't permit bold and true color
ANSI escapes to be used simultaneously. The work-around above will clear
ripgrep's default styling, allowing you to craft it exactly as desired.
<h3 name="stop-ripgrep">
How do I stop ripgrep from messing up colors when I kill it?
</h3>
Type in `color` in cmd.exe (Command Prompt) and `echo -ne "\033[0m"` on
Unix-like systems to restore your original foreground color.
In PowerShell, you can add the following code to your profile which will
restore the original foreground color when `Reset-ForegroundColor` is called.
Including the `Set-Alias` line will allow you to call it with simply `color`.
```powershell
$OrigFgColor = $Host.UI.RawUI.ForegroundColor
function Reset-ForegroundColor {
$Host.UI.RawUI.ForegroundColor = $OrigFgColor
}
Set-Alias -Name color -Value Reset-ForegroundColor
```
PR [#187](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/pull/187) fixed this, and it
was later deprecated in
[#281](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/issues/281). A full explanation is
available
[here](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/issues/281#issuecomment-269093893).
<h3 name="because-cygwin">
Why does using a leading `/` on Windows fail?
</h3>
If you're using cygwin on Windows and try to search for a pattern beginning
with a `/`, then it's possible that cygwin is mangling that pattern without
your knowledge. For example, if you tried running `rg /foo` in a cygwin shell
on Windows, then cygwin might mistakenly perform path translation on `/foo`,
which would result in `rg C:/msys64/foo` being searched instead.
You can fix this in one of three ways:
1. Stop using cygwin.
2. Escape the leading slash with an additional slash. e.g., `rg //foo`.
3. Temporarily disable path translation by setting `MSYS_NO_PATHCONV=1`. e.g.,
`MSYS_NO_PATHCONV=1 rg /foo`.
For more details, see https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/issues/1277
<h3 name="size-limit">
How do I get around the regex size limit?
</h3>
If you've given ripgrep a particularly large pattern (or a large number of
smaller patterns), then it is possible that it will fail to compile because it
hit a pre-set limit. For example:
```
$ rg '\pL{1000}'
Compiled regex exceeds size limit of 10485760 bytes.
```
(Note: `\pL{1000}` may look small, but `\pL` is the character class containing
all Unicode letters, which is quite large. *And* it's repeated 1000 times.)
In this case, you can work around by simply increasing the limit:
```
$ rg '\pL{1000}' --regex-size-limit 1G
```
Increasing the limit to 1GB does not necessarily mean that ripgrep will use
that much memory. The limit just says that it's allowed to (approximately) use
that much memory for constructing the regular expression.
<h3 name="dfa-size">
How do I make the <code>-f/--file</code> flag faster?
</h3>
The `-f/--file` permits one to give a file to ripgrep which contains a pattern
on each line. ripgrep will then report any line that matches any of the
patterns.
If this pattern file gets too big, then it is possible ripgrep will slow down
dramatically. *Typically* this is because an internal cache is too small, and
will cause ripgrep to spill over to a slower but more robust regular expression
engine. If this is indeed the problem, then it is possible to increase this
cache and regain speed. The cache can be controlled via the `--dfa-size-limit`
flag. For example, using `--dfa-size-limit 1G` will set the cache size to 1GB.
(Note that this doesn't mean ripgrep will use 1GB of memory automatically, but
it will allow the regex engine to if it needs to.)
<h3 name="silver-searcher-output">
How do I make the output look like The Silver Searcher's output?
</h3>
Use the `--colors` flag, like so:
```
rg --colors line:fg:yellow \
--colors line:style:bold \
--colors path:fg:green \
--colors path:style:bold \
--colors match:fg:black \
--colors match:bg:yellow \
--colors match:style:nobold \
foo
```
Alternatively, add your color configuration to your ripgrep config file (which
is activated by setting the `RIPGREP_CONFIG_PATH` environment variable to point
to your config file). For example:
```
$ cat $HOME/.config/ripgrep/rc
--colors=line:fg:yellow
--colors=line:style:bold
--colors=path:fg:green
--colors=path:style:bold
--colors=match:fg:black
--colors=match:bg:yellow
--colors=match:style:nobold
$ RIPGREP_CONFIG_PATH=$HOME/.config/ripgrep/rc rg foo
```
<h3 name="pcre2-slow">
Why does ripgrep get slower when I enable PCRE2 regexes?
</h3>
When you use the `--pcre2` (`-P` for short) flag, ripgrep will use the PCRE2
regex engine instead of the default. Both regex engines are quite fast,
but PCRE2 provides a number of additional features such as look-around and
backreferences that many enjoy using. This is largely because PCRE2 uses
a backtracking implementation where as the default regex engine uses a finite
automaton based implementation. The former provides the ability to add lots of
bells and whistles over the latter, but the latter executes with worst case
linear time complexity.
With that out of the way, if you've used `-P` with ripgrep, you may have
noticed that it can be slower. The reasons for why this is are quite complex,
and they are complex because the optimizations that ripgrep uses to implement
fast search are complex.
The task ripgrep has before it is somewhat simple; all it needs to do is search
a file for occurrences of some pattern and then print the lines containing
those occurrences. The problem lies in what is considered a valid match and how
exactly we read the bytes from a file.
In terms of what is considered a valid match, remember that ripgrep will only
report matches spanning a single line by default. The problem here is that
some patterns can match across multiple lines, and ripgrep needs to prevent
that from happening. For example, `foo\sbar` will match `foo\nbar`. The most
obvious way to achieve this is to read the data from a file, and then apply
the pattern search to that data for each line. The problem with this approach
is that it can be quite slow; it would be much faster to let the pattern
search across as much data as possible. It's faster because it gets rid of the
overhead of finding the boundaries of every line, and also because it gets rid
of the overhead of starting and stopping the pattern search for every single
line. (This is operating under the general assumption that matching lines are
much rarer than non-matching lines.)
It turns out that we can use the faster approach by applying a very simple
restriction to the pattern: *statically prevent* the pattern from matching
through a `\n` character. Namely, when given a pattern like `foo\sbar`,
ripgrep will remove `\n` from the `\s` character class automatically. In some
cases, a simple removal is not so easy. For example, ripgrep will return an
error when your pattern includes a `\n` literal:
```
$ rg '\n'
the literal '"\n"' is not allowed in a regex
```
So what does this have to do with PCRE2? Well, ripgrep's default regex engine
exposes APIs for doing syntactic analysis on the pattern in a way that makes
it quite easy to strip `\n` from the pattern (or otherwise detect it and report
an error if stripping isn't possible). PCRE2 seemingly does not provide a
similar API, so ripgrep does not do any stripping when PCRE2 is enabled. This
forces ripgrep to use the "slow" search strategy of searching each line
individually.
OK, so if enabling PCRE2 slows down the default method of searching because it
forces matches to be limited to a single line, then why is PCRE2 also sometimes
slower when performing multiline searches? Well, that's because there are
*multiple* reasons why using PCRE2 in ripgrep can be slower than the default
regex engine. This time, blame PCRE2's Unicode support, which ripgrep enables
by default. In particular, PCRE2 cannot simultaneously enable Unicode support
and search arbitrary data. That is, when PCRE2's Unicode support is enabled,
the data **must** be valid UTF-8 (to do otherwise is to invoke undefined
behavior). This is in contrast to ripgrep's default regex engine, which can
enable Unicode support and still search arbitrary data. ripgrep's default
regex engine simply won't match invalid UTF-8 for a pattern that can otherwise
only match valid UTF-8. Why doesn't PCRE2 do the same? This author isn't
familiar with its internals, so we can't comment on it here.
The bottom line here is that we can't enable PCRE2's Unicode support without
simultaneously incurring a performance penalty for ensuring that we are
searching valid UTF-8. In particular, ripgrep will transcode the contents
of each file to UTF-8 while replacing invalid UTF-8 data with the Unicode
replacement codepoint. ripgrep then disables PCRE2's own internal UTF-8
checking, since we've guaranteed the data we hand it will be valid UTF-8. The
reason why ripgrep takes this approach is because if we do hand PCRE2 invalid
UTF-8, then it will report a match error if it comes across an invalid UTF-8
sequence. This is not good news for ripgrep, since it will stop it from
searching the rest of the file, and will also print potentially undesirable
error messages to users.
All right, the above is a lot of information to swallow if you aren't already
familiar with ripgrep internals. Let's make this concrete with some examples.
First, let's get some data big enough to magnify the performance differences:
```
$ curl -O 'https://burntsushi.net/stuff/subtitles2016-sample.gz'
$ gzip -d subtitles2016-sample
$ md5sum subtitles2016-sample
e3cb796a20bbc602fbfd6bb43bda45f5 subtitles2016-sample
```
To search this data, we will use the pattern `^\w{42}$`, which contains exactly
one hit in the file and has no literals. Having no literals is important,
because it ensures that the regex engine won't use literal optimizations to
speed up the search. In other words, it lets us reason coherently about the
actual task that the regex engine is performing.
Let's now walk through a few examples in light of the information above. First,
let's consider the default search using ripgrep's default regex engine and
then the same search with PCRE2:
```
$ time rg '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m1.783s
user 0m1.731s
sys 0m0.051s
$ time rg -P '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m2.458s
user 0m2.419s
sys 0m0.038s
```
In this particular example, both pattern searches are using a Unicode aware
`\w` character class and both are counting lines in order to report line
numbers. The key difference here is that the first search will not search
line by line, but the second one will. We can observe which strategy ripgrep
uses by passing the `--trace` flag:
```
$ rg '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample --trace
[... snip ...]
TRACE|grep_searcher::searcher::core|grep-searcher/src/searcher/core.rs:61: searcher core: will use fast line searcher
[... snip ...]
$ rg -P '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample --trace
[... snip ...]
TRACE|grep_searcher::searcher|grep-searcher/src/searcher/mod.rs:685: generic reader: searching via roll buffer strategy
TRACE|grep_searcher::searcher::core|grep-searcher/src/searcher/core.rs:63: searcher core: will use slow line searcher
[... snip ...]
```
The first says it is using the "fast line searcher" where as the latter says
it is using the "slow line searcher." The latter also shows that we are
decoding the contents of the file, which also impacts performance.
Interestingly, in this case, the pattern does not match a `\n` and the file
we're searching is valid UTF-8, so neither the slow line-by-line search
strategy nor the decoding are necessary. We could fix the former issue with
better PCRE2 introspection APIs. We can actually fix the latter issue with
ripgrep's `--no-encoding` flag, which prevents the automatic UTF-8 decoding,
but will enable PCRE2's own UTF-8 validity checking. Unfortunately, it's slower
in my build of ripgrep:
```
$ time rg -P '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample --no-encoding
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m3.074s
user 0m3.021s
sys 0m0.051s
```
(Tip: use the `--trace` flag to verify that no decoding in ripgrep is
happening.)
A possible reason why PCRE2's UTF-8 checking is slower is because it might
not be better than the highly optimized UTF-8 checking routines found in the
[`encoding_rs`](https://github.com/hsivonen/encoding_rs) library, which is what
ripgrep uses for UTF-8 decoding. Moreover, my build of ripgrep enables
`encoding_rs`'s SIMD optimizations, which may be in play here.
Also, note that using the `--no-encoding` flag can cause PCRE2 to report
invalid UTF-8 errors, which causes ripgrep to stop searching the file:
```
$ cat invalid-utf8
foobar
$ xxd invalid-utf8
00000000: 666f 6fff 6261 720a foo.bar.
$ rg foo invalid-utf8
1:foobar
$ rg -P foo invalid-utf8
1:foo�bar
$ rg -P foo invalid-utf8 --no-encoding
invalid-utf8: PCRE2: error matching: UTF-8 error: illegal byte (0xfe or 0xff)
```
All right, so at this point, you might think that we could remove the penalty
for line-by-line searching by enabling multiline search. After all, our
particular pattern can't match across multiple lines anyway, so we'll still get
the results we want. Let's try it:
```
$ time rg -U '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m1.803s
user 0m1.748s
sys 0m0.054s
$ time rg -P -U '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m2.962s
user 0m2.246s
sys 0m0.713s
```
Search times remain the same with the default regex engine, but the PCRE2
search gets _slower_. What happened? The secrets can be revealed with the
`--trace` flag once again. In the former case, ripgrep actually detects that
the pattern can't match across multiple lines, and so will fall back to the
"fast line search" strategy as with our search without `-U`.
However, for PCRE2, things are much worse. Namely, since Unicode mode is still
enabled, ripgrep is still going to decode UTF-8 to ensure that it hands only
valid UTF-8 to PCRE2. Unfortunately, one key downside of multiline search is
that ripgrep cannot do it incrementally. Since matches can be arbitrarily long,
ripgrep actually needs the entire file in memory at once. Normally, we can use
a memory map for this, but because we need to UTF-8 decode the file before
searching it, ripgrep winds up reading the entire contents of the file on to
the heap before executing a search. Owch.
OK, so Unicode is killing us here. The file we're searching is _mostly_ ASCII,
so maybe we're OK with missing some data. (Try `rg '[\w--\p{ascii}]'` to see
non-ASCII word characters that an ASCII-only `\w` character class would miss.)
We can disable Unicode in both searches, but this is done differently depending
on the regex engine we use:
```
$ time rg '(?-u)^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m1.714s
user 0m1.669s
sys 0m0.044s
$ time rg -P '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample --no-pcre2-unicode
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m1.997s
user 0m1.958s
sys 0m0.037s
```
For the most part, ripgrep's default regex engine performs about the same.
PCRE2 does improve a little bit, and is now almost as fast as the default
regex engine. If you look at the output of `--trace`, you'll see that ripgrep
will no longer perform UTF-8 decoding, but it does still use the slow
line-by-line searcher.
At this point, we can combine all of our insights above: let's try to get off
of the slow line-by-line searcher by enabling multiline mode, and let's stop
UTF-8 decoding by disabling Unicode support:
```
$ time rg -U '(?-u)^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m1.714s
user 0m1.655s
sys 0m0.058s
$ time rg -P -U '^\w{42}$' subtitles2016-sample --no-pcre2-unicode
21225780:EverymajordevelopmentinthehistoryofAmerica
real 0m1.121s
user 0m1.071s
sys 0m0.048s
```
Ah, there's PCRE2's JIT shining! ripgrep's default regex engine once again
remains about the same, but PCRE2 no longer needs to search line-by-line and it
no longer needs to do any kind of UTF-8 checks. This allows the file to get
memory mapped and passed right through PCRE2's JIT at impressive speeds. (As
a brief and interesting historical note, the configuration of "memory map +
multiline + no-Unicode" is exactly the configuration used by The Silver
Searcher. This analysis perhaps sheds some reasoning as to why that
configuration is useful!)
In summary, if you want PCRE2 to go as fast as possible and you don't care
about Unicode and you don't care about matches possibly spanning across
multiple lines, then enable multiline mode with `-U` and disable PCRE2's
Unicode support with the `--no-pcre2-unicode` flag.
Caveat emptor: This author is not a PCRE2 expert, so there may be APIs that can
improve performance that the author missed. Similarly, there may be alternative
designs for a searching tool that are more amenable to how PCRE2 works.
<h3 name="rg-other-cmd">
When I run <code>rg</code>, why does it execute some other command?
</h3>
It's likely that you have a shell alias or even another tool called `rg` which
is interfering with ripgrep. Run `which rg` to see what it is.
(Notably, the Rails plug-in for
[Oh My Zsh](https://github.com/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh/wiki/Plugins#rails) sets
up an `rg` alias for `rails generate`.)
Problems like this can be resolved in one of several ways:
* If you're using the OMZ Rails plug-in, disable it by editing the `plugins`
array in your zsh configuration.
* Temporarily bypass an existing `rg` alias by calling ripgrep as
`command rg`, `\rg`, or `'rg'`.
* Temporarily bypass an existing alias or another tool named `rg` by calling
ripgrep by its full path (e.g., `/usr/bin/rg` or `/usr/local/bin/rg`).
* Permanently disable an existing `rg` alias by adding `unalias rg` to the
bottom of your shell configuration file (e.g., `.bash_profile` or `.zshrc`).
* Give ripgrep its own alias that doesn't conflict with other tools/aliases by
adding a line like the following to the bottom of your shell configuration
file: `alias ripgrep='command rg'`.
<h3 name="rg-alias-windows">
How do I create an alias for ripgrep on Windows?
</h3>
Often you can find a need to make alias for commands you use a lot that set
certain flags. But PowerShell function aliases do not behave like your typical
linux shell alias. You always need to propagate arguments and `stdin` input.
But it cannot be done simply as
`function grep() { $input | rg.exe --hidden $args }`
Use below example as reference to how setup alias in PowerShell.
```powershell
function grep {
$count = @($input).Count
$input.Reset()
if ($count) {
$input | rg.exe --hidden $args
}
else {
rg.exe --hidden $args
}
}
```
PowerShell special variables:
* input - is powershell `stdin` object that allows you to access its content.
* args - is array of arguments passed to this function.
This alias checks whether there is `stdin` input and propagates only if there
is some lines. Otherwise empty `$input` will make powershell to trigger `rg` to
search empty `stdin`.
<h3 name="powershell-profile">
How do I create a PowerShell profile?
</h3>
To customize powershell on start-up, there is a special PowerShell script that
has to be created. In order to find its location, type `$profile`.
See
[Microsoft's documentation](https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb613488(v=vs.85).aspx)
for more details.
Any PowerShell code in this file gets evaluated at the start of console. This
way you can have own aliases to be created at start.
<h3 name="pipe-non-ascii-windows">
How do I pipe non-ASCII content to ripgrep on Windows?
</h3>
When piping input into native executables in PowerShell, the encoding of the
input is controlled by the `$OutputEncoding` variable. By default, this is set
to US-ASCII, and any characters in the pipeline that don't have encodings in
US-ASCII are converted to `?` (question mark) characters.
To change this setting, set `$OutputEncoding` to a different encoding, as
represented by a .NET encoding object. Some common examples are below. The
value of this variable is reset when PowerShell restarts, so to make this
change take effect every time PowerShell is started add a line setting the
variable into your PowerShell profile.
Example `$OutputEncoding` settings:
* UTF-8 without BOM: `$OutputEncoding = [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new()`
* The console's output encoding:
`$OutputEncoding = [System.Console]::OutputEncoding`
If you continue to have encoding problems, you can also force the encoding
that the console will use for printing to UTF-8 with
`[System.Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8`. This
will also reset when PowerShell is restarted, so you can add that line
to your profile as well if you want to make the setting permanent.
<h3 name="search-and-replace">
How can I search and replace with ripgrep?
</h3>
Using ripgrep alone, you can't. ripgrep is a search tool that will never
touch your files. However, the output of ripgrep can be piped to other tools
that do modify files on disk. See
[this issue](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/issues/74) for more
information.
sed is one such tool that can modify files on disk. sed can take a filename
and a substitution command to search and replace in the specified file.
Files containing matching patterns can be provided to sed using
```
rg foo --files-with-matches
```
The output of this command is a list of filenames that contain a match for
the `foo` pattern.
This list can be piped into `xargs`, which will split the filenames from
standard input into arguments for the command following xargs. You can use this
combination to pipe a list of filenames into sed for replacement. For example:
```
will replace all instances of 'foo' with 'bar' in the files in which
ripgrep finds the foo pattern. The `-i` flag to sed indicates that you are
editing files in place, and `s/foo/bar/g` says that you are performing a
**s**ubstitution of the pattern `foo` for `bar`, and that you are doing this
substitution **g**lobally (all occurrences of the pattern in each file).
Note: the above command assumes that you are using GNU sed. If you are using
BSD sed (the default on macOS and FreeBSD) then you must modify the above
command to be the following:
```
The `-i` flag in BSD sed requires a file extension to be given to make backups
for all modified files. Specifying the empty string prevents file backups from
being made.
Finally, if any of your file paths contain whitespace in them, then you might
need to delimit your file paths with a NUL terminator. This requires telling
ripgrep to output NUL bytes between each path, and telling xargs to read paths
delimited by NUL bytes:
```
To learn more about sed, see the sed manual
[here](https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html).
Additionally, Facebook has a tool called
[fastmod](https://github.com/facebookincubator/fastmod)
that uses some of the same libraries as ripgrep and might provide a more
ergonomic search-and-replace experience.
<h3 name="license">
How is ripgrep licensed?
</h3>
ripgrep is dual licensed under the
[Unlicense](https://unlicense.org/)
and MIT licenses. Specifically, you may use ripgrep under the terms of either
license.
The reason why ripgrep is dual licensed this way is two-fold:
1. I, as ripgrep's author, would like to participate in a small bit of
ideological activism by promoting the Unlicense's goal: to disclaim
copyright monopoly interest.
2. I, as ripgrep's author, would like as many people to use ripgrep as
possible. Since the Unlicense is not a proven or well known license, ripgrep
is also offered under the MIT license, which is ubiquitous and accepted by
almost everyone.
More specifically, ripgrep and all its dependencies are compatible with this
licensing choice. In particular, ripgrep's dependencies (direct and transitive)
will always be limited to permissive licenses. That is, ripgrep will never
depend on code that is not permissively licensed. This means rejecting any
dependency that uses a copyleft license such as the GPL, LGPL, MPL or any of
the Creative Commons ShareAlike licenses. Whether the license is "weak"
copyleft or not does not matter; ripgrep will **not** depend on it.
<h3 name="posix4ever">
Can ripgrep replace grep?
</h3>
Yes and no.
If, upon hearing that "ripgrep can replace grep," you *actually* hear, "ripgrep
can be used in every instance grep can be used, in exactly the same way, for
the same use cases, with exactly the same bug-for-bug behavior," then no,
ripgrep trivially *cannot* replace grep. Moreover, ripgrep will *never* replace
grep.
If, upon hearing that "ripgrep can replace grep," you *actually* hear, "ripgrep
can replace grep in some cases and not in other use cases," then yes, that is
indeed true!
Let's go over some of those use cases in favor of ripgrep. Some of these may
not apply to you. That's OK. There may be other use cases not listed here that
do apply to you. That's OK too.
(For all claims related to performance in the following words, see my
[blog post](https://blog.burntsushi.net/ripgrep/)
introducing ripgrep.)
* Are you frequently searching a repository of code? If so, ripgrep might be a
good choice since there's likely a good chunk of your repository that you
don't want to search. grep, can, of course, be made to filter files using
recursive search, and if you don't mind writing out the requisite `--exclude`
rules or writing wrapper scripts, then grep might be sufficient. (I'm not
kidding, I myself did this with grep for almost a decade before writing
ripgrep.) But if you instead enjoy having a search tool respect your
`.gitignore`, then ripgrep might be perfect for you!
* Are you frequently searching non-ASCII text that is UTF-8 encoded? One of
ripgrep's key features is that it can handle Unicode features in your
patterns in a way that tends to be faster than GNU grep. Unicode features
in ripgrep are enabled by default; there is no need to configure your locale
settings to use ripgrep properly because ripgrep doesn't respect your locale
settings.
* Do you need to search UTF-16 files and you don't want to bother explicitly
transcoding them? Great. ripgrep does this for you automatically. No need
to enable it.
* Do you need to search a large directory of large files? ripgrep uses
parallelism by default, which tends to make it faster than a standard
`grep -r` search. However, if you're OK writing the occasional
`find ./ -print0 | xargs -P8 -0 grep` command, then maybe grep is good
enough.
Here are some cases where you might *not* want to use ripgrep. The same caveats
for the previous section apply.
* Are you writing portable shell scripts intended to work in a variety of
environments? Great, probably not a good idea to use ripgrep! ripgrep has
nowhere near the ubiquity of grep, so if you do use ripgrep, you might need
to futz with the installation process more than you would with grep.
* Do you care about POSIX compatibility? If so, then you can't use ripgrep
because it never was, isn't and never will be POSIX compatible.
* Do you hate tools that try to do something smart? If so, ripgrep is all about
being smart, so you might prefer to just stick with grep.
* Is there a particular feature of grep you rely on that ripgrep either doesn't
have or never will have? If the former, file a bug report, maybe ripgrep can
do it! If the latter, well, then, just use grep.
<h3 name="intentcountsforsomething">
What does the "rip" in ripgrep mean?
</h3>
When I first started writing ripgrep, I called it `rep`, intending it to be a
shorter variant of `grep`. Soon after, I renamed it to `xrep` since `rep`
wasn't obvious enough of a name for my taste. And also because adding `x` to
anything always makes it better, right?
Before ripgrep's first public release, I decided that I didn't like `xrep`. I
thought it was slightly awkward to type, and despite my previous praise of the
letter `x`, I kind of thought it was pretty lame. Being someone who really
likes Rust, I wanted to call it "rustgrep" or maybe "rgrep" for short. But I
thought that was just as lame, and maybe a little too in-your-face. But I
wanted to continue using `r` so I could at least pretend Rust had something to
do with it.
I spent a couple of days trying to think of very short words that began with
the letter `r` that were even somewhat related to the task of searching. I
don't remember how it popped into my head, but "rip" came up as something that
meant "fast," as in, "to rip through your text." The fact that RIP is also
an initialism for "Rest in Peace" (as in, "ripgrep kills grep") never really
dawned on me. Perhaps the coincidence is too striking to believe that, but
I didn't realize it until someone explicitly pointed it out to me after the
initial public release. I admit that I found it mildly amusing, but if I had
realized it myself before the public release, I probably would have pressed on
and chose a different name. Alas, renaming things after a release is hard, so I
decided to mush on.
Given the fact that
[ripgrep never was, is or will be a 100% drop-in replacement for
grep](#posix4ever),
ripgrep is neither actually a "grep killer" nor was it ever intended to be. It
certainly does eat into some of its use cases, but that's nothing that other
tools like ack or The Silver Searcher weren't already doing.
<h3 name="donations">
How can I donate to ripgrep or its maintainers?
</h3>
I welcome [sponsorship](https://github.com/sponsors/BurntSushi/).
Or if you'd prefer, donating to a charitably organization that you like would
also be most welcome. My favorites are:
* [The Internet Archive](https://archive.org/donate/)
* [Rails Girls](https://railsgirlssummerofcode.org/)
* [Wikipedia](https://wikimediafoundation.org/support/)