/// Scoped thread.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// A basic scoped thread:
///
/// ```
/// crossbeam_utils::thread::scope(|scope| {
///     scope.spawn(|| {
///         println!("Hello from a scoped thread!");
///     });
/// });
/// ```
///
/// When writing concurrent Rust programs, you'll sometimes see a pattern like this, using
/// [`std::thread::spawn`][spawn]:
///
/// ```ignore
/// let array = [1, 2, 3];
/// let mut guards = vec![];
///
/// for i in &array {
///     let guard = std::thread::spawn(move || {
///         println!("element: {}", i);
///     });
///
///     guards.push(guard);
/// }
///
/// for guard in guards {
///     guard.join().unwrap();
/// }
/// ```
///
/// The basic pattern is:
///
/// 1. Iterate over some collection.
/// 2. Spin up a thread to operate on each part of the collection.
/// 3. Join all the threads.
///
/// However, this code actually gives an error:
///
/// ```text
/// error: `array` does not live long enough
/// for i in &array {
///           ^~~~~
/// in expansion of for loop expansion
/// note: expansion site
/// note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
/// note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the block suffix following statement 0 at ...
///     let array = [1, 2, 3];
///     let mut guards = vec![];
///
///     for i in &array {
///         let guard = std::thread::spawn(move || {
///             println!("element: {}", i);
/// ...
/// error: aborting due to previous error
/// ```
///
/// Because [`std::thread::spawn`][spawn] doesn't know about this scope, it requires a
/// `'static` lifetime. One way of giving it a proper lifetime is to use an [`Arc`][arc]:
///
/// [arc]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/sync/struct.Arc.html
/// [spawn]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/thread/fn.spawn.html
///
/// ```
/// use std::sync::Arc;
///
/// let array = Arc::new([1, 2, 3]);
/// let mut guards = vec![];
///
/// for i in 0..array.len() {
///     let a = array.clone();
///
///     let guard = std::thread::spawn(move || {
///         println!("element: {}", a[i]);
///     });
///
///     guards.push(guard);
/// }
///
/// for guard in guards {
///     guard.join().unwrap();
/// }
/// ```
///
/// But this introduces unnecessary allocation, as `Arc<T>` puts its data on the heap, and we
/// also end up dealing with reference counts. We know that we're joining the threads before
/// our function returns, so just taking a reference _should_ be safe. Rust can't know that,
/// though.
///
/// Enter scoped threads. Here's our original example, using `spawn` from crossbeam rather
/// than from `std::thread`:
///
/// ```
/// let array = [1, 2, 3];
///
/// crossbeam_utils::thread::scope(|scope| {
///     for i in &array {
///         scope.spawn(move || {
///             println!("element: {}", i);
///         });
///     }
/// });
/// ```
///
/// Much more straightforward.
// FIXME(jeehoonkang): maybe we should create a new crate for scoped threads.

use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::fmt;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::mem::{self, ManuallyDrop};
use std::ops::DerefMut;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::thread;
use std::io;

#[doc(hidden)]
trait FnBox<T> {
    fn call_box(self: Box<Self>) -> T;
}

impl<T, F: FnOnce() -> T> FnBox<T> for F {
    fn call_box(self: Box<Self>) -> T {
        (*self)()
    }
}

/// Like `std::thread::spawn`, but without the closure bounds.
pub unsafe fn spawn_unchecked<'a, F>(f: F) -> thread::JoinHandle<()>
where
    F: FnOnce() + Send + 'a,
{
    let builder = thread::Builder::new();
    builder_spawn_unchecked(builder, f).unwrap()
}

/// Like `std::thread::Builder::spawn`, but without the closure bounds.
pub unsafe fn builder_spawn_unchecked<'a, F>(
    builder: thread::Builder,
    f: F,
) -> io::Result<thread::JoinHandle<()>>
where
    F: FnOnce() + Send + 'a,
{
    let closure: Box<FnBox<()> + 'a> = Box::new(f);
    let closure: Box<FnBox<()> + Send> = mem::transmute(closure);
    builder.spawn(move || closure.call_box())
}

pub struct Scope<'a> {
    /// The list of the deferred functions and thread join jobs.
    dtors: RefCell<Option<DtorChain<'a, ()>>>,
    // !Send + !Sync
    _marker: PhantomData<*const ()>,
}

struct DtorChain<'a, T> {
    dtor: Box<FnBox<T> + 'a>,
    next: Option<Box<DtorChain<'a, T>>>,
}

impl<'a, T> DtorChain<'a, T> {
    pub fn pop(chain: &mut Option<DtorChain<'a, T>>) -> Option<Box<FnBox<T> + 'a>> {
        chain.take().map(|mut node| {
            *chain = node.next.take().map(|b| *b);
            node.dtor
        })
    }
}

struct JoinState<T> {
    join_handle: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
    result: usize,
    _marker: PhantomData<T>,
}

impl<T: Send> JoinState<T> {
    fn new(join_handle: thread::JoinHandle<()>, result: usize) -> JoinState<T> {
        JoinState {
            join_handle: join_handle,
            result: result,
            _marker: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    fn join(self) -> thread::Result<T> {
        let result = self.result;
        self.join_handle.join().map(|_| {
            unsafe { ManuallyDrop::into_inner(*Box::from_raw(result as *mut ManuallyDrop<T>))}
        })
    }
}

/// A handle to a scoped thread
pub struct ScopedJoinHandle<'a, T: 'a> {
    // !Send + !Sync
    inner: Rc<RefCell<Option<JoinState<T>>>>,
    thread: thread::Thread,
    _marker: PhantomData<&'a T>,
}

/// Create a new `scope`, for deferred destructors.
///
/// Scopes, in particular, support [*scoped thread spawning*](struct.Scope.html#method.spawn).
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Creating and using a scope:
///
/// ```
/// crossbeam_utils::thread::scope(|scope| {
///     scope.defer(|| println!("Exiting scope"));
///     scope.spawn(|| println!("Running child thread in scope"))
/// });
/// // Prints messages in the reverse order written
/// ```
///
/// # Panics
///
/// `thread::scope()` panics if a spawned thread panics but it is not joined inside the scope.
pub fn scope<'a, F, R>(f: F) -> R
where
    F: FnOnce(&Scope<'a>) -> R,
{
    let mut scope = Scope {
        dtors: RefCell::new(None),
        _marker: PhantomData,
    };
    let ret = f(&scope);
    scope.drop_all();
    ret
}

impl<'a> fmt::Debug for Scope<'a> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "Scope {{ ... }}")
    }
}

impl<'a, T> fmt::Debug for ScopedJoinHandle<'a, T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "ScopedJoinHandle {{ ... }}")
    }
}

impl<'a> Scope<'a> {
    // This method is carefully written in a transactional style, so
    // that it can be called directly and, if any dtor panics, can be
    // resumed in the unwinding this causes. By initially running the
    // method outside of any destructor, we avoid any leakage problems
    // due to @rust-lang/rust#14875.
    fn drop_all(&mut self) {
        while let Some(dtor) = DtorChain::pop(&mut self.dtors.borrow_mut()) {
            dtor.call_box();
        }
    }

    /// Schedule code to be executed when exiting the scope.
    ///
    /// This is akin to having a destructor on the stack, except that it is
    /// *guaranteed* to be run. It is guaranteed that the function is called
    /// after all the spawned threads are joined.
    pub fn defer<F>(&self, f: F)
    where
        F: FnOnce() + 'a,
    {
        let mut dtors = self.dtors.borrow_mut();
        *dtors = Some(DtorChain {
            dtor: Box::new(f),
            next: dtors.take().map(Box::new),
        });
    }

    /// Create a scoped thread.
    ///
    /// `spawn` is similar to the [`spawn`][spawn] function in Rust's standard library. The
    /// difference is that this thread is scoped, meaning that it's guaranteed to terminate
    /// before the current stack frame goes away, allowing you to reference the parent stack frame
    /// directly. This is ensured by having the parent thread join on the child thread before the
    /// scope exits.
    ///
    /// [spawn]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.spawn.html
    pub fn spawn<'s, F, T>(&'s self, f: F) -> ScopedJoinHandle<'a, T>
    where
        'a: 's,
        F: FnOnce() -> T + Send + 'a,
        T: Send + 'a,
    {
        self.builder().spawn(f).unwrap()
    }

    /// Generates the base configuration for spawning a scoped thread, from which configuration
    /// methods can be chained.
    pub fn builder<'s>(&'s self) -> ScopedThreadBuilder<'s, 'a> {
        ScopedThreadBuilder {
            scope: self,
            builder: thread::Builder::new(),
        }
    }
}

/// Scoped thread configuration. Provides detailed control over the properties and behavior of new
/// scoped threads.
pub struct ScopedThreadBuilder<'s, 'a: 's> {
    scope: &'s Scope<'a>,
    builder: thread::Builder,
}

impl<'s, 'a: 's> ScopedThreadBuilder<'s, 'a> {
    /// Names the thread-to-be. Currently the name is used for identification only in panic
    /// messages.
    pub fn name(mut self, name: String) -> ScopedThreadBuilder<'s, 'a> {
        self.builder = self.builder.name(name);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the size of the stack for the new thread.
    pub fn stack_size(mut self, size: usize) -> ScopedThreadBuilder<'s, 'a> {
        self.builder = self.builder.stack_size(size);
        self
    }

    /// Spawns a new thread, and returns a join handle for it.
    pub fn spawn<F, T>(self, f: F) -> io::Result<ScopedJoinHandle<'a, T>>
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> T + Send + 'a,
        T: Send + 'a,
    {
        // The `Box` constructed below is written only by the spawned thread,
        // and read by the current thread only after the spawned thread is
        // joined (`JoinState::join()`). Thus there are no data races.
        let result = Box::into_raw(Box::<ManuallyDrop<T>>::new(unsafe { mem::uninitialized() })) as usize;

        let join_handle = try!(unsafe {
            builder_spawn_unchecked(self.builder, move || {
                let mut result = Box::from_raw(result as *mut ManuallyDrop<T>);
                *result = ManuallyDrop::new(f());
                mem::forget(result);
            })
        });
        let thread = join_handle.thread().clone();

        let join_state = JoinState::<T>::new(join_handle, result);
        let deferred_handle = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Some(join_state)));
        let my_handle = deferred_handle.clone();

        self.scope.defer(move || {
            let state = mem::replace(deferred_handle.borrow_mut().deref_mut(), None);
            if let Some(state) = state {
                state.join().unwrap();
            }
        });

        Ok(ScopedJoinHandle {
            inner: my_handle,
            thread: thread,
            _marker: PhantomData,
        })
    }
}

impl<'a, T: Send + 'a> ScopedJoinHandle<'a, T> {
    /// Join the scoped thread, returning the result it produced.
    pub fn join(self) -> thread::Result<T> {
        let state = mem::replace(self.inner.borrow_mut().deref_mut(), None);
        state.unwrap().join()
    }

    /// Get the underlying thread handle.
    pub fn thread(&self) -> &thread::Thread {
        &self.thread
    }
}

impl<'a> Drop for Scope<'a> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.drop_all()
    }
}