// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

use std::any::Any;
use std::fmt;
use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
use std::sync::Arc;

use crate::intervals::Interval;
use crate::physical_expr::down_cast_any_ref;
use crate::sort_properties::SortProperties;
use crate::PhysicalExpr;

use arrow::compute;
use arrow::compute::{kernels, CastOptions};
use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Schema};
use arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch;
use compute::can_cast_types;
use datafusion_common::format::DEFAULT_FORMAT_OPTIONS;
use datafusion_common::{not_impl_err, DataFusionError, Result, ScalarValue};
use datafusion_expr::ColumnarValue;

const DEFAULT_CAST_OPTIONS: CastOptions<'static> = CastOptions {
    safe: false,
    format_options: DEFAULT_FORMAT_OPTIONS,
};

/// CAST expression casts an expression to a specific data type and returns a runtime error on invalid cast
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct CastExpr {
    /// The expression to cast
    expr: Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>,
    /// The data type to cast to
    cast_type: DataType,
    /// Cast options
    cast_options: CastOptions<'static>,
}

impl CastExpr {
    /// Create a new CastExpr
    pub fn new(
        expr: Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>,
        cast_type: DataType,
        cast_options: Option<CastOptions<'static>>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            expr,
            cast_type,
            cast_options: cast_options.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_CAST_OPTIONS),
        }
    }

    /// The expression to cast
    pub fn expr(&self) -> &Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr> {
        &self.expr
    }

    /// The data type to cast to
    pub fn cast_type(&self) -> &DataType {
        &self.cast_type
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for CastExpr {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "CAST({} AS {:?})", self.expr, self.cast_type)
    }
}

impl PhysicalExpr for CastExpr {
    /// Return a reference to Any that can be used for downcasting
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn data_type(&self, _input_schema: &Schema) -> Result<DataType> {
        Ok(self.cast_type.clone())
    }

    fn nullable(&self, input_schema: &Schema) -> Result<bool> {
        self.expr.nullable(input_schema)
    }

    fn evaluate(&self, batch: &RecordBatch) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
        let value = self.expr.evaluate(batch)?;
        cast_column(&value, &self.cast_type, Some(&self.cast_options))
    }

    fn children(&self) -> Vec<Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>> {
        vec![self.expr.clone()]
    }

    fn with_new_children(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        children: Vec<Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>>,
    ) -> Result<Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>> {
        Ok(Arc::new(CastExpr::new(
            children[0].clone(),
            self.cast_type.clone(),
            Some(self.cast_options.clone()),
        )))
    }

    fn evaluate_bounds(&self, children: &[&Interval]) -> Result<Interval> {
        // Cast current node's interval to the right type:
        children[0].cast_to(&self.cast_type, &self.cast_options)
    }

    fn propagate_constraints(
        &self,
        interval: &Interval,
        children: &[&Interval],
    ) -> Result<Vec<Option<Interval>>> {
        let child_interval = children[0];
        // Get child's datatype:
        let cast_type = child_interval.get_datatype()?;
        Ok(vec![Some(
            interval.cast_to(&cast_type, &self.cast_options)?,
        )])
    }

    fn dyn_hash(&self, state: &mut dyn Hasher) {
        let mut s = state;
        self.expr.hash(&mut s);
        self.cast_type.hash(&mut s);
        // Add `self.cast_options` when hash is available
        // https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/pull/4395
    }

    /// A [`CastExpr`] preserves the ordering of its child.
    fn get_ordering(&self, children: &[SortProperties]) -> SortProperties {
        children[0]
    }
}

impl PartialEq<dyn Any> for CastExpr {
    fn eq(&self, other: &dyn Any) -> bool {
        down_cast_any_ref(other)
            .downcast_ref::<Self>()
            .map(|x| {
                self.expr.eq(&x.expr)
                    && self.cast_type == x.cast_type
                    // TODO: Use https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/2966 when available
                    && self.cast_options.safe == x.cast_options.safe
            })
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }
}

/// Internal cast function for casting ColumnarValue -> ColumnarValue for cast_type
pub fn cast_column(
    value: &ColumnarValue,
    cast_type: &DataType,
    cast_options: Option<&CastOptions<'static>>,
) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
    let cast_options = cast_options.cloned().unwrap_or(DEFAULT_CAST_OPTIONS);
    match value {
        ColumnarValue::Array(array) => Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(
            kernels::cast::cast_with_options(array, cast_type, &cast_options)?,
        )),
        ColumnarValue::Scalar(scalar) => {
            let scalar_array = scalar.to_array();
            let cast_array = kernels::cast::cast_with_options(
                &scalar_array,
                cast_type,
                &cast_options,
            )?;
            let cast_scalar = ScalarValue::try_from_array(&cast_array, 0)?;
            Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(cast_scalar))
        }
    }
}

/// Return a PhysicalExpression representing `expr` casted to
/// `cast_type`, if any casting is needed.
///
/// Note that such casts may lose type information
pub fn cast_with_options(
    expr: Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>,
    input_schema: &Schema,
    cast_type: DataType,
    cast_options: Option<CastOptions<'static>>,
) -> Result<Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>> {
    let expr_type = expr.data_type(input_schema)?;
    if expr_type == cast_type {
        Ok(expr.clone())
    } else if can_cast_types(&expr_type, &cast_type) {
        Ok(Arc::new(CastExpr::new(expr, cast_type, cast_options)))
    } else {
        not_impl_err!("Unsupported CAST from {expr_type:?} to {cast_type:?}")
    }
}

/// Return a PhysicalExpression representing `expr` casted to
/// `cast_type`, if any casting is needed.
///
/// Note that such casts may lose type information
pub fn cast(
    expr: Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>,
    input_schema: &Schema,
    cast_type: DataType,
) -> Result<Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>> {
    cast_with_options(expr, input_schema, cast_type, None)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::expressions::col;
    use arrow::{
        array::{
            Array, Decimal128Array, Float32Array, Float64Array, Int16Array, Int32Array,
            Int64Array, Int8Array, StringArray, Time64NanosecondArray,
            TimestampNanosecondArray, UInt32Array,
        },
        datatypes::*,
    };
    use datafusion_common::Result;

    // runs an end-to-end test of physical type cast
    // 1. construct a record batch with a column "a" of type A
    // 2. construct a physical expression of CAST(a AS B)
    // 3. evaluate the expression
    // 4. verify that the resulting expression is of type B
    // 5. verify that the resulting values are downcastable and correct
    macro_rules! generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast {
        ($DECIMAL_ARRAY:ident, $A_TYPE:expr, $TYPEARRAY:ident, $TYPE:expr, $VEC:expr,$CAST_OPTIONS:expr) => {{
            let schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", $A_TYPE, true)]);
            let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(
                Arc::new(schema.clone()),
                vec![Arc::new($DECIMAL_ARRAY)],
            )?;
            // verify that we can construct the expression
            let expression =
                cast_with_options(col("a", &schema)?, &schema, $TYPE, $CAST_OPTIONS)?;

            // verify that its display is correct
            assert_eq!(
                format!("CAST(a@0 AS {:?})", $TYPE),
                format!("{}", expression)
            );

            // verify that the expression's type is correct
            assert_eq!(expression.data_type(&schema)?, $TYPE);

            // compute
            let result = expression.evaluate(&batch)?.into_array(batch.num_rows());

            // verify that the array's data_type is correct
            assert_eq!(*result.data_type(), $TYPE);

            // verify that the data itself is downcastable
            let result = result
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<$TYPEARRAY>()
                .expect("failed to downcast");

            // verify that the result itself is correct
            for (i, x) in $VEC.iter().enumerate() {
                match x {
                    Some(x) => assert_eq!(result.value(i), *x),
                    None => assert!(!result.is_valid(i)),
                }
            }
        }};
    }

    // runs an end-to-end test of physical type cast
    // 1. construct a record batch with a column "a" of type A
    // 2. construct a physical expression of CAST(a AS B)
    // 3. evaluate the expression
    // 4. verify that the resulting expression is of type B
    // 5. verify that the resulting values are downcastable and correct
    macro_rules! generic_test_cast {
        ($A_ARRAY:ident, $A_TYPE:expr, $A_VEC:expr, $TYPEARRAY:ident, $TYPE:expr, $VEC:expr, $CAST_OPTIONS:expr) => {{
            let schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", $A_TYPE, true)]);
            let a_vec_len = $A_VEC.len();
            let a = $A_ARRAY::from($A_VEC);
            let batch =
                RecordBatch::try_new(Arc::new(schema.clone()), vec![Arc::new(a)])?;

            // verify that we can construct the expression
            let expression =
                cast_with_options(col("a", &schema)?, &schema, $TYPE, $CAST_OPTIONS)?;

            // verify that its display is correct
            assert_eq!(
                format!("CAST(a@0 AS {:?})", $TYPE),
                format!("{}", expression)
            );

            // verify that the expression's type is correct
            assert_eq!(expression.data_type(&schema)?, $TYPE);

            // compute
            let result = expression.evaluate(&batch)?.into_array(batch.num_rows());

            // verify that the array's data_type is correct
            assert_eq!(*result.data_type(), $TYPE);

            // verify that the len is correct
            assert_eq!(result.len(), a_vec_len);

            // verify that the data itself is downcastable
            let result = result
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<$TYPEARRAY>()
                .expect("failed to downcast");

            // verify that the result itself is correct
            for (i, x) in $VEC.iter().enumerate() {
                match x {
                    Some(x) => assert_eq!(result.value(i), *x),
                    None => assert!(!result.is_valid(i)),
                }
            }
        }};
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cast_decimal_to_decimal() -> Result<()> {
        let array = vec![
            Some(1234),
            Some(2222),
            Some(3),
            Some(4000),
            Some(5000),
            None,
        ];

        let decimal_array = array
            .clone()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(10, 3)?;

        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 3),
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(20, 6),
            [
                Some(1_234_000),
                Some(2_222_000),
                Some(3_000),
                Some(4_000_000),
                Some(5_000_000),
                None
            ],
            None
        );

        let decimal_array = array
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(10, 3)?;

        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 3),
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 2),
            [Some(123), Some(222), Some(0), Some(400), Some(500), None],
            None
        );

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cast_decimal_to_numeric() -> Result<()> {
        let array = vec![Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), Some(4), Some(5), None];
        // decimal to i8
        let decimal_array = array
            .clone()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(10, 0)?;
        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 0),
            Int8Array,
            DataType::Int8,
            [
                Some(1_i8),
                Some(2_i8),
                Some(3_i8),
                Some(4_i8),
                Some(5_i8),
                None
            ],
            None
        );

        // decimal to i16
        let decimal_array = array
            .clone()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(10, 0)?;
        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 0),
            Int16Array,
            DataType::Int16,
            [
                Some(1_i16),
                Some(2_i16),
                Some(3_i16),
                Some(4_i16),
                Some(5_i16),
                None
            ],
            None
        );

        // decimal to i32
        let decimal_array = array
            .clone()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(10, 0)?;
        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 0),
            Int32Array,
            DataType::Int32,
            [
                Some(1_i32),
                Some(2_i32),
                Some(3_i32),
                Some(4_i32),
                Some(5_i32),
                None
            ],
            None
        );

        // decimal to i64
        let decimal_array = array
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(10, 0)?;
        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 0),
            Int64Array,
            DataType::Int64,
            [
                Some(1_i64),
                Some(2_i64),
                Some(3_i64),
                Some(4_i64),
                Some(5_i64),
                None
            ],
            None
        );

        // decimal to float32
        let array = vec![
            Some(1234),
            Some(2222),
            Some(3),
            Some(4000),
            Some(5000),
            None,
        ];
        let decimal_array = array
            .clone()
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(10, 3)?;
        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 3),
            Float32Array,
            DataType::Float32,
            [
                Some(1.234_f32),
                Some(2.222_f32),
                Some(0.003_f32),
                Some(4.0_f32),
                Some(5.0_f32),
                None
            ],
            None
        );

        // decimal to float64
        let decimal_array = array
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(20, 6)?;
        generic_decimal_to_other_test_cast!(
            decimal_array,
            DataType::Decimal128(20, 6),
            Float64Array,
            DataType::Float64,
            [
                Some(0.001234_f64),
                Some(0.002222_f64),
                Some(0.000003_f64),
                Some(0.004_f64),
                Some(0.005_f64),
                None
            ],
            None
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cast_numeric_to_decimal() -> Result<()> {
        // int8
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int8Array,
            DataType::Int8,
            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(3, 0),
            [Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), Some(4), Some(5)],
            None
        );

        // int16
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int16Array,
            DataType::Int16,
            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(5, 0),
            [Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), Some(4), Some(5)],
            None
        );

        // int32
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int32Array,
            DataType::Int32,
            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 0),
            [Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), Some(4), Some(5)],
            None
        );

        // int64
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int64Array,
            DataType::Int64,
            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(20, 0),
            [Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), Some(4), Some(5)],
            None
        );

        // int64 to different scale
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int64Array,
            DataType::Int64,
            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(20, 2),
            [Some(100), Some(200), Some(300), Some(400), Some(500)],
            None
        );

        // float32
        generic_test_cast!(
            Float32Array,
            DataType::Float32,
            vec![1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 1.123_456_8, 5.50],
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(10, 2),
            [Some(150), Some(250), Some(300), Some(112), Some(550)],
            None
        );

        // float64
        generic_test_cast!(
            Float64Array,
            DataType::Float64,
            vec![1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 1.123_456_8, 5.50],
            Decimal128Array,
            DataType::Decimal128(20, 4),
            [
                Some(15000),
                Some(25000),
                Some(30000),
                Some(11235),
                Some(55000)
            ],
            None
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cast_i32_u32() -> Result<()> {
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int32Array,
            DataType::Int32,
            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            UInt32Array,
            DataType::UInt32,
            [
                Some(1_u32),
                Some(2_u32),
                Some(3_u32),
                Some(4_u32),
                Some(5_u32)
            ],
            None
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cast_i32_utf8() -> Result<()> {
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int32Array,
            DataType::Int32,
            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
            StringArray,
            DataType::Utf8,
            [Some("1"), Some("2"), Some("3"), Some("4"), Some("5")],
            None
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cast_i64_t64() -> Result<()> {
        let original = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
        let expected: Vec<Option<i64>> = original
            .iter()
            .map(|i| Some(Time64NanosecondArray::from(vec![*i]).value(0)))
            .collect();
        generic_test_cast!(
            Int64Array,
            DataType::Int64,
            original,
            TimestampNanosecondArray,
            DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Nanosecond, None),
            expected,
            None
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_cast() {
        // Ensure a useful error happens at plan time if invalid casts are used
        let schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Int32, false)]);

        let result = cast(col("a", &schema).unwrap(), &schema, DataType::LargeBinary);
        result.expect_err("expected Invalid CAST");
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_cast_with_options_error() -> Result<()> {
        // Ensure a useful error happens at plan time if invalid casts are used
        let schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Utf8, false)]);
        let a = StringArray::from(vec!["9.1"]);
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(Arc::new(schema.clone()), vec![Arc::new(a)])?;
        let expression =
            cast_with_options(col("a", &schema)?, &schema, DataType::Int32, None)?;
        let result = expression.evaluate(&batch);

        match result {
            Ok(_) => panic!("expected error"),
            Err(e) => {
                assert!(e
                    .to_string()
                    .contains("Cannot cast string '9.1' to value of Int32 type"))
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    #[ignore] // TODO: https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/issues/5396
    fn test_cast_decimal() -> Result<()> {
        let schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Int64, false)]);
        let a = Int64Array::from(vec![100]);
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(Arc::new(schema.clone()), vec![Arc::new(a)])?;
        let expression = cast_with_options(
            col("a", &schema)?,
            &schema,
            DataType::Decimal128(38, 38),
            None,
        )?;
        expression.evaluate(&batch)?;
        Ok(())
    }
}