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// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
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// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

//! Interval and selectivity in [`AnalysisContext`]

use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::sync::Arc;

use crate::expressions::Column;
use crate::intervals::cp_solver::{ExprIntervalGraph, PropagationResult};
use crate::utils::collect_columns;
use crate::PhysicalExpr;

use arrow::datatypes::Schema;
use datafusion_common::stats::Precision;
use datafusion_common::{
    internal_datafusion_err, internal_err, ColumnStatistics, Result, ScalarValue,
};
use datafusion_expr::interval_arithmetic::{cardinality_ratio, Interval};

/// The shared context used during the analysis of an expression. Includes
/// the boundaries for all known columns.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct AnalysisContext {
    // A list of known column boundaries, ordered by the index
    // of the column in the current schema.
    pub boundaries: Vec<ExprBoundaries>,
    /// The estimated percentage of rows that this expression would select, if
    /// it were to be used as a boolean predicate on a filter. The value will be
    /// between 0.0 (selects nothing) and 1.0 (selects everything).
    pub selectivity: Option<f64>,
}

impl AnalysisContext {
    pub fn new(boundaries: Vec<ExprBoundaries>) -> Self {
        Self {
            boundaries,
            selectivity: None,
        }
    }

    pub fn with_selectivity(mut self, selectivity: f64) -> Self {
        self.selectivity = Some(selectivity);
        self
    }

    /// Create a new analysis context from column statistics.
    pub fn try_from_statistics(
        input_schema: &Schema,
        statistics: &[ColumnStatistics],
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        statistics
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(idx, stats)| ExprBoundaries::try_from_column(input_schema, stats, idx))
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()
            .map(Self::new)
    }
}

/// Represents the boundaries (e.g. min and max values) of a particular column
///
/// This is used range analysis of expressions, to determine if the expression
/// limits the value of particular columns (e.g. analyzing an expression such as
/// `time < 50` would result in a boundary interval for `time` having a max
/// value of `50`).
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct ExprBoundaries {
    pub column: Column,
    /// Minimum and maximum values this expression can have.
    pub interval: Interval,
    /// Maximum number of distinct values this expression can produce, if known.
    pub distinct_count: Precision<usize>,
}

impl ExprBoundaries {
    /// Create a new `ExprBoundaries` object from column level statistics.
    pub fn try_from_column(
        schema: &Schema,
        col_stats: &ColumnStatistics,
        col_index: usize,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let field = schema.fields().get(col_index).ok_or_else(|| {
            internal_datafusion_err!(
                "Could not create `ExprBoundaries`: in `try_from_column` `col_index` 
                has gone out of bounds with a value of {col_index}, the schema has {} columns.",
                schema.fields.len()
            )
        })?;
        let empty_field =
            ScalarValue::try_from(field.data_type()).unwrap_or(ScalarValue::Null);
        let interval = Interval::try_new(
            col_stats
                .min_value
                .get_value()
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or(empty_field.clone()),
            col_stats
                .max_value
                .get_value()
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or(empty_field),
        )?;
        let column = Column::new(field.name(), col_index);
        Ok(ExprBoundaries {
            column,
            interval,
            distinct_count: col_stats.distinct_count.clone(),
        })
    }

    /// Create `ExprBoundaries` that represent no known bounds for all the
    /// columns in `schema`
    pub fn try_new_unbounded(schema: &Schema) -> Result<Vec<Self>> {
        schema
            .fields()
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, field)| {
                Ok(Self {
                    column: Column::new(field.name(), i),
                    interval: Interval::make_unbounded(field.data_type())?,
                    distinct_count: Precision::Absent,
                })
            })
            .collect()
    }
}

/// Attempts to refine column boundaries and compute a selectivity value.
///
/// The function accepts boundaries of the input columns in the `context` parameter.
/// It then tries to tighten these boundaries based on the provided `expr`.
/// The resulting selectivity value is calculated by comparing the initial and final boundaries.
/// The computation assumes that the data within the column is uniformly distributed and not sorted.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `context` - The context holding input column boundaries.
/// * `expr` - The expression used to shrink the column boundaries.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// * `AnalysisContext` constructed by pruned boundaries and a selectivity value.
pub fn analyze(
    expr: &Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>,
    context: AnalysisContext,
    schema: &Schema,
) -> Result<AnalysisContext> {
    let target_boundaries = context.boundaries;

    let mut graph = ExprIntervalGraph::try_new(Arc::clone(expr), schema)?;

    let columns = collect_columns(expr)
        .into_iter()
        .map(|c| Arc::new(c) as _)
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();

    let target_expr_and_indices = graph.gather_node_indices(columns.as_slice());

    let mut target_indices_and_boundaries = target_expr_and_indices
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|(expr, i)| {
            target_boundaries.iter().find_map(|bound| {
                expr.as_any()
                    .downcast_ref::<Column>()
                    .filter(|expr_column| bound.column.eq(*expr_column))
                    .map(|_| (*i, bound.interval.clone()))
            })
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();

    match graph
        .update_ranges(&mut target_indices_and_boundaries, Interval::CERTAINLY_TRUE)?
    {
        PropagationResult::Success => {
            shrink_boundaries(graph, target_boundaries, target_expr_and_indices)
        }
        PropagationResult::Infeasible => {
            Ok(AnalysisContext::new(target_boundaries).with_selectivity(0.0))
        }
        PropagationResult::CannotPropagate => {
            Ok(AnalysisContext::new(target_boundaries).with_selectivity(1.0))
        }
    }
}

/// If the `PropagationResult` indicates success, this function calculates the
/// selectivity value by comparing the initial and final column boundaries.
/// Following this, it constructs and returns a new `AnalysisContext` with the
/// updated parameters.
fn shrink_boundaries(
    graph: ExprIntervalGraph,
    mut target_boundaries: Vec<ExprBoundaries>,
    target_expr_and_indices: Vec<(Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>, usize)>,
) -> Result<AnalysisContext> {
    let initial_boundaries = target_boundaries.clone();
    target_expr_and_indices.iter().for_each(|(expr, i)| {
        if let Some(column) = expr.as_any().downcast_ref::<Column>() {
            if let Some(bound) = target_boundaries
                .iter_mut()
                .find(|bound| bound.column.eq(column))
            {
                bound.interval = graph.get_interval(*i);
            };
        }
    });

    let selectivity = calculate_selectivity(&target_boundaries, &initial_boundaries);

    if !(0.0..=1.0).contains(&selectivity) {
        return internal_err!("Selectivity is out of limit: {}", selectivity);
    }

    Ok(AnalysisContext::new(target_boundaries).with_selectivity(selectivity))
}

/// This function calculates the filter predicate's selectivity by comparing
/// the initial and pruned column boundaries. Selectivity is defined as the
/// ratio of rows in a table that satisfy the filter's predicate.
fn calculate_selectivity(
    target_boundaries: &[ExprBoundaries],
    initial_boundaries: &[ExprBoundaries],
) -> f64 {
    // Since the intervals are assumed uniform and the values
    // are not correlated, we need to multiply the selectivities
    // of multiple columns to get the overall selectivity.
    initial_boundaries
        .iter()
        .zip(target_boundaries.iter())
        .fold(1.0, |acc, (initial, target)| {
            acc * cardinality_ratio(&initial.interval, &target.interval)
        })
}