hickory_proto/dnssec/

ring.rs

use std::{borrow::Cow, sync::Arc};

use ring::{
    digest,
    rand::SystemRandom,
    rsa::PublicKeyComponents,
    signature::{
        self, EcdsaKeyPair, Ed25519KeyPair, KeyPair as RingKeyPair, RsaKeyPair,
        ECDSA_P256_SHA256_FIXED_SIGNING, ECDSA_P384_SHA384_FIXED_SIGNING, ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN,
        RSA_PKCS1_SHA256, RSA_PKCS1_SHA512,
    },
};
use rustls_pki_types::{PrivateKeyDer, PrivatePkcs1KeyDer, PrivatePkcs8KeyDer};

use super::{
    ec_public_key::ECPublicKey, rsa_public_key::RSAPublicKey, Algorithm, DigestType,
    DnsSecErrorKind, DnsSecResult, PublicKey, PublicKeyBuf, SigningKey, TBS,
};
use crate::error::ProtoResult;

/// Decode private key
pub fn signing_key_from_der(
    key_der: &PrivateKeyDer<'_>,
    algorithm: Algorithm,
) -> DnsSecResult<Box<dyn SigningKey>> {
    #[allow(deprecated)]
    match algorithm {
        Algorithm::Unknown(v) => Err(format!("unknown algorithm: {v}").into()),
        Algorithm::RSASHA256 | Algorithm::RSASHA512 => {
            Ok(Box::new(RsaSigningKey::from_key_der(key_der, algorithm)?))
        }
        Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256 | Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384 => {
            Ok(Box::new(EcdsaSigningKey::from_key_der(key_der, algorithm)?))
        }
        Algorithm::ED25519 => Ok(Box::new(Ed25519SigningKey::from_key_der(key_der)?)),
        e => Err(format!("unsupported SigningKey algorithm for ring: {e:?}").into()),
    }
}

pub(super) fn decode_public_key<'a>(
    public_key: &'a [u8],
    algorithm: Algorithm,
) -> ProtoResult<Arc<dyn PublicKey + 'a>> {
    // try to keep this and `Algorithm::is_supported` in sync
    debug_assert!(algorithm.is_supported());

    #[allow(deprecated)]
    match algorithm {
        #[cfg(feature = "dnssec-ring")]
        Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256 | Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384 => {
            Ok(Arc::new(Ec::from_public_bytes(public_key, algorithm)?))
        }
        #[cfg(feature = "dnssec-ring")]
        Algorithm::ED25519 => Ok(Arc::new(Ed25519::from_public_bytes(public_key.into())?)),
        #[cfg(feature = "dnssec-ring")]
        Algorithm::RSASHA1
        | Algorithm::RSASHA1NSEC3SHA1
        | Algorithm::RSASHA256
        | Algorithm::RSASHA512 => Ok(Arc::new(Rsa::from_public_bytes(public_key, algorithm)?)),
        _ => Err("public key algorithm not supported".into()),
    }
}

/// An ECDSA signing key pair (backed by ring).
pub struct EcdsaSigningKey {
    inner: EcdsaKeyPair,
    algorithm: Algorithm,
}

impl EcdsaSigningKey {
    /// Decode signing key pair from DER.
    ///
    /// Errors unless the given algorithm is one of the following:
    ///
    /// - [`Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256`]
    /// - [`Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384`]
    pub fn from_key_der(key: &PrivateKeyDer<'_>, algorithm: Algorithm) -> DnsSecResult<Self> {
        match key {
            PrivateKeyDer::Pkcs8(key) => Self::from_pkcs8(key, algorithm),
            _ => Err("unsupported key format (only PKCS#8 supported)".into()),
        }
    }

    /// Decode signing key pair from DER-encoded PKCS#8 bytes.
    ///
    /// Errors unless the given algorithm is one of the following:
    ///
    /// - [`Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256`]
    /// - [`Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384`]
    pub fn from_pkcs8(key: &PrivatePkcs8KeyDer<'_>, algorithm: Algorithm) -> DnsSecResult<Self> {
        let rng = SystemRandom::new();
        let ring_algorithm = if algorithm == Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256 {
            &ECDSA_P256_SHA256_FIXED_SIGNING
        } else if algorithm == Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384 {
            &ECDSA_P384_SHA384_FIXED_SIGNING
        } else {
            return Err(DnsSecErrorKind::Message("unsupported algorithm").into());
        };

        Ok(Self {
            inner: EcdsaKeyPair::from_pkcs8(ring_algorithm, key.secret_pkcs8_der(), &rng)?,
            algorithm,
        })
    }

    /// Creates an ECDSA key pair with ring.
    pub fn from_ecdsa(inner: EcdsaKeyPair, algorithm: Algorithm) -> Self {
        Self { inner, algorithm }
    }

    /// Generate signing key pair and return the DER-encoded PKCS#8 bytes.
    ///
    /// Errors unless the given algorithm is one of the following:
    ///
    /// - [`Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256`]
    /// - [`Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384`]
    pub fn generate_pkcs8(algorithm: Algorithm) -> DnsSecResult<PrivatePkcs8KeyDer<'static>> {
        let rng = SystemRandom::new();
        let alg = if algorithm == Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256 {
            &ECDSA_P256_SHA256_FIXED_SIGNING
        } else if algorithm == Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384 {
            &ECDSA_P384_SHA384_FIXED_SIGNING
        } else {
            return Err(DnsSecErrorKind::Message("unsupported algorithm").into());
        };

        let pkcs8 = EcdsaKeyPair::generate_pkcs8(alg, &rng)?;
        Ok(PrivatePkcs8KeyDer::from(pkcs8.as_ref().to_vec()))
    }
}

impl SigningKey for EcdsaSigningKey {
    fn sign(&self, tbs: &TBS) -> DnsSecResult<Vec<u8>> {
        let rng = SystemRandom::new();
        Ok(self.inner.sign(&rng, tbs.as_ref())?.as_ref().to_vec())
    }

    fn to_public_key(&self) -> DnsSecResult<PublicKeyBuf> {
        let mut bytes = self.inner.public_key().as_ref().to_vec();
        bytes.remove(0);
        Ok(PublicKeyBuf::new(bytes, self.algorithm))
    }

    fn algorithm(&self) -> Algorithm {
        self.algorithm
    }
}

/// An Ed25519 signing key pair (backed by ring).
pub struct Ed25519SigningKey {
    inner: Ed25519KeyPair,
}

impl Ed25519SigningKey {
    /// Decode signing key pair from DER.
    pub fn from_key_der(key: &PrivateKeyDer<'_>) -> DnsSecResult<Self> {
        match key {
            PrivateKeyDer::Pkcs8(key) => Self::from_pkcs8(key),
            _ => Err("unsupported key format (only PKCS#8 supported)".into()),
        }
    }

    /// Decode signing key pair from DER-encoded PKCS#8 bytes.
    pub fn from_pkcs8(key: &PrivatePkcs8KeyDer<'_>) -> DnsSecResult<Self> {
        Ok(Self {
            inner: Ed25519KeyPair::from_pkcs8(key.secret_pkcs8_der())?,
        })
    }

    /// Creates an Ed25519 keypair.
    pub fn from_ed25519(inner: Ed25519KeyPair) -> Self {
        Self { inner }
    }

    /// Generate signing key pair and return the DER-encoded PKCS#8 bytes.
    pub fn generate_pkcs8() -> DnsSecResult<PrivatePkcs8KeyDer<'static>> {
        let rng = SystemRandom::new();
        let pkcs8 = Ed25519KeyPair::generate_pkcs8(&rng)?;
        Ok(PrivatePkcs8KeyDer::from(pkcs8.as_ref().to_vec()))
    }
}

impl SigningKey for Ed25519SigningKey {
    fn sign(&self, tbs: &TBS) -> DnsSecResult<Vec<u8>> {
        Ok(self.inner.sign(tbs.as_ref()).as_ref().to_vec())
    }

    fn to_public_key(&self) -> DnsSecResult<PublicKeyBuf> {
        Ok(PublicKeyBuf::new(
            self.inner.public_key().as_ref().to_vec(),
            Algorithm::ED25519,
        ))
    }

    fn algorithm(&self) -> Algorithm {
        Algorithm::ED25519
    }
}

/// Elyptic Curve public key type
pub type Ec = ECPublicKey;

impl Ec {
    /// ```text
    /// RFC 6605                    ECDSA for DNSSEC                  April 2012
    ///
    ///   4.  DNSKEY and RRSIG Resource Records for ECDSA
    ///
    ///   ECDSA public keys consist of a single value, called "Q" in FIPS
    ///   186-3.  In DNSSEC keys, Q is a simple bit string that represents the
    ///   uncompressed form of a curve point, "x | y".
    ///
    ///   The ECDSA signature is the combination of two non-negative integers,
    ///   called "r" and "s" in FIPS 186-3.  The two integers, each of which is
    ///   formatted as a simple octet string, are combined into a single longer
    ///   octet string for DNSSEC as the concatenation "r | s".  (Conversion of
    ///   the integers to bit strings is described in Section C.2 of FIPS
    ///   186-3.)  For P-256, each integer MUST be encoded as 32 octets; for
    ///   P-384, each integer MUST be encoded as 48 octets.
    ///
    ///   The algorithm numbers associated with the DNSKEY and RRSIG resource
    ///   records are fully defined in the IANA Considerations section.  They
    ///   are:
    ///
    ///   o  DNSKEY and RRSIG RRs signifying ECDSA with the P-256 curve and
    ///      SHA-256 use the algorithm number 13.
    ///
    ///   o  DNSKEY and RRSIG RRs signifying ECDSA with the P-384 curve and
    ///      SHA-384 use the algorithm number 14.
    ///
    ///   Conformant implementations that create records to be put into the DNS
    ///   MUST implement signing and verification for both of the above
    ///   algorithms.  Conformant DNSSEC verifiers MUST implement verification
    ///   for both of the above algorithms.
    /// ```
    pub fn from_public_bytes(public_key: &[u8], algorithm: Algorithm) -> ProtoResult<Self> {
        Self::from_unprefixed(public_key, algorithm)
    }
}

impl PublicKey for Ec {
    fn public_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.unprefixed_bytes()
    }

    fn verify(&self, message: &[u8], signature: &[u8]) -> ProtoResult<()> {
        // TODO: assert_eq!(algorithm, self.algorithm); once *ring* allows this.
        let alg = match self.algorithm {
            Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256 => &signature::ECDSA_P256_SHA256_FIXED,
            Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384 => &signature::ECDSA_P384_SHA384_FIXED,
            _ => return Err("only ECDSAP256SHA256 and ECDSAP384SHA384 are supported by Ec".into()),
        };
        let public_key = signature::UnparsedPublicKey::new(alg, self.prefixed_bytes());
        public_key.verify(message, signature).map_err(Into::into)
    }

    fn algorithm(&self) -> Algorithm {
        self.algorithm
    }
}

/// Ed25519 Public key
pub struct Ed25519<'k> {
    raw: Cow<'k, [u8]>,
}

impl<'k> Ed25519<'k> {
    /// ```text
    ///  Internet-Draft              EdDSA for DNSSEC               December 2016
    ///
    ///  An Ed25519 public key consists of a 32-octet value, which is encoded
    ///  into the Public Key field of a DNSKEY resource record as a simple bit
    ///  string.  The generation of a public key is defined in Section 5.1.5
    ///  in [RFC 8032]. Breaking tradition, the keys are encoded in little-
    ///  endian byte order.
    /// ```
    pub fn from_public_bytes(public_key: Cow<'k, [u8]>) -> ProtoResult<Self> {
        if public_key.len() != ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN {
            return Err(format!(
                "expected {} byte public_key: {}",
                ED25519_PUBLIC_KEY_LEN,
                public_key.len()
            )
            .into());
        }

        Ok(Self { raw: public_key })
    }
}

impl PublicKey for Ed25519<'_> {
    // TODO: just store reference to public key bytes in ctor...
    fn public_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.raw.as_ref()
    }

    fn verify(&self, message: &[u8], signature: &[u8]) -> ProtoResult<()> {
        let public_key = signature::UnparsedPublicKey::new(&signature::ED25519, self.raw.as_ref());
        public_key.verify(message, signature).map_err(Into::into)
    }

    fn algorithm(&self) -> Algorithm {
        Algorithm::ED25519
    }
}

/// Rsa public key
pub struct Rsa<'k> {
    raw: &'k [u8],
    pkey: RSAPublicKey<'k>,
    algorithm: Algorithm,
}

impl<'k> Rsa<'k> {
    /// ```text
    /// RFC 3110              RSA SIGs and KEYs in the DNS              May 2001
    ///
    ///       2. RSA Public KEY Resource Records
    ///
    ///  RSA public keys are stored in the DNS as KEY RRs using algorithm
    ///  number 5 [RFC2535].  The structure of the algorithm specific portion
    ///  of the RDATA part of such RRs is as shown below.
    ///
    ///        Field             Size
    ///        -----             ----
    ///        exponent length   1 or 3 octets (see text)
    ///        exponent          as specified by length field
    ///        modulus           remaining space
    ///
    ///  For interoperability, the exponent and modulus are each limited to
    ///  4096 bits in length.  The public key exponent is a variable length
    ///  unsigned integer.  Its length in octets is represented as one octet
    ///  if it is in the range of 1 to 255 and by a zero octet followed by a
    ///  two octet unsigned length if it is longer than 255 bytes.  The public
    ///  key modulus field is a multiprecision unsigned integer.  The length
    ///  of the modulus can be determined from the RDLENGTH and the preceding
    ///  RDATA fields including the exponent.  Leading zero octets are
    ///  prohibited in the exponent and modulus.
    ///
    ///  Note: KEY RRs for use with RSA/SHA1 DNS signatures MUST use this
    ///  algorithm number (rather than the algorithm number specified in the
    ///  obsoleted RFC 2537).
    ///
    ///  Note: This changes the algorithm number for RSA KEY RRs to be the
    ///  same as the new algorithm number for RSA/SHA1 SIGs.
    /// ```
    pub fn from_public_bytes(raw: &'k [u8], algorithm: Algorithm) -> ProtoResult<Self> {
        let pkey = RSAPublicKey::try_from(raw)?;
        Ok(Self {
            raw,
            pkey,
            algorithm,
        })
    }
}

impl PublicKey for Rsa<'_> {
    fn public_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.raw
    }

    fn verify(&self, message: &[u8], signature: &[u8]) -> ProtoResult<()> {
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        let alg = match self.algorithm {
            Algorithm::RSASHA256 => &signature::RSA_PKCS1_1024_8192_SHA256_FOR_LEGACY_USE_ONLY,
            Algorithm::RSASHA512 => &signature::RSA_PKCS1_1024_8192_SHA512_FOR_LEGACY_USE_ONLY,
            Algorithm::RSASHA1 => &signature::RSA_PKCS1_1024_8192_SHA1_FOR_LEGACY_USE_ONLY,
            Algorithm::RSASHA1NSEC3SHA1 => {
                return Err("*ring* doesn't support RSASHA1NSEC3SHA1 yet".into())
            }
            _ => unreachable!("non-RSA algorithm passed to RSA verify()"),
        };
        let public_key = signature::RsaPublicKeyComponents {
            n: self.pkey.n(),
            e: self.pkey.e(),
        };
        public_key
            .verify(alg, message, signature)
            .map_err(Into::into)
    }

    fn algorithm(&self) -> Algorithm {
        self.algorithm
    }
}

/// An RSA signing key pair (backed by ring).
pub struct RsaSigningKey {
    inner: RsaKeyPair,
    algorithm: Algorithm,
}

impl RsaSigningKey {
    /// Decode signing key pair from DER.
    pub fn from_key_der(key: &PrivateKeyDer<'_>, algorithm: Algorithm) -> DnsSecResult<Self> {
        match key {
            PrivateKeyDer::Pkcs8(key) => Self::from_pkcs8(key, algorithm),
            PrivateKeyDer::Pkcs1(key) => Self::from_pkcs1(key, algorithm),
            _ => Err("unsupported key format (only PKCS#8 supported)".into()),
        }
    }

    /// Decode signing key pair from DER-encoded PKCS#8 bytes.
    pub fn from_pkcs8(key: &PrivatePkcs8KeyDer<'_>, algorithm: Algorithm) -> DnsSecResult<Self> {
        match algorithm {
            #[allow(deprecated)]
            Algorithm::RSASHA1 | Algorithm::RSASHA1NSEC3SHA1 => {
                return Err("unsupported Algorithm (insecure): {algorithm:?}".into())
            }
            Algorithm::RSASHA256 | Algorithm::RSASHA512 => {}
            _ => return Err("unsupported Algorithm: {algorithm:?}".into()),
        }

        Ok(Self {
            inner: RsaKeyPair::from_pkcs8(key.secret_pkcs8_der())?,
            algorithm,
        })
    }

    /// Decode signing key pair from DER-encoded PKCS#1 bytes.
    pub fn from_pkcs1(key: &PrivatePkcs1KeyDer<'_>, algorithm: Algorithm) -> DnsSecResult<Self> {
        match algorithm {
            #[allow(deprecated)]
            Algorithm::RSASHA1 | Algorithm::RSASHA1NSEC3SHA1 => {
                return Err("unsupported Algorithm (insecure): {algorithm:?}".into())
            }
            Algorithm::RSASHA256 | Algorithm::RSASHA512 => {}
            _ => return Err("unsupported Algorithm: {algorithm:?}".into()),
        }

        Ok(Self {
            inner: RsaKeyPair::from_der(key.secret_pkcs1_der())?,
            algorithm,
        })
    }
}

impl SigningKey for RsaSigningKey {
    fn sign(&self, tbs: &TBS) -> DnsSecResult<Vec<u8>> {
        let encoding = match self.algorithm {
            Algorithm::RSASHA256 => &RSA_PKCS1_SHA256,
            Algorithm::RSASHA512 => &RSA_PKCS1_SHA512,
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };

        let rng = SystemRandom::new();
        let mut signature = vec![0; self.inner.public().modulus_len()];
        self.inner
            .sign(encoding, &rng, tbs.as_ref(), &mut signature)?;
        Ok(signature)
    }

    fn to_public_key(&self) -> DnsSecResult<PublicKeyBuf> {
        let components = PublicKeyComponents::<Vec<u8>>::from(self.inner.public_key());

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(components.e.len() + components.n.len());
        if components.e.len() > 255 {
            buf.push(0);
            buf.push((components.e.len() >> 8) as u8);
        }

        buf.push(components.e.len() as u8);
        buf.extend(&components.e);
        buf.extend(&components.n);
        Ok(PublicKeyBuf::new(buf, self.algorithm))
    }

    fn algorithm(&self) -> Algorithm {
        self.algorithm
    }
}

/// Hashing wrapper type.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub struct Digest(digest::Digest);

impl Digest {
    /// Hashes the given `data` `iterations` times with the given `salt` and `r#type`.
    pub fn iterated(salt: &[u8], bytes: &[u8], r#type: DigestType, mut iterations: u16) -> Self {
        let alg = r#type.into();
        let mut cur = hash_iter([bytes, salt], alg);
        while iterations > 0 {
            cur = hash_iter([cur.as_ref(), salt], alg);
            iterations -= 1;
        }
        Self(cur)
    }

    /// Hashes the data from the `bytes` iterator with the given `r#type`.
    pub fn from_iter<'a>(bytes: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a [u8]>, r#type: DigestType) -> Self {
        Self(hash_iter(bytes, r#type.into()))
    }

    /// Hashes
    pub fn new(bytes: &[u8], r#type: DigestType) -> Self {
        Self(digest::digest(r#type.into(), bytes))
    }
}

fn hash_iter<'a>(
    iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a [u8]>,
    alg: &'static digest::Algorithm,
) -> digest::Digest {
    let mut ctx = digest::Context::new(alg);
    for d in iter {
        ctx.update(d);
    }
    ctx.finish()
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for Digest {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.0.as_ref()
    }
}

impl From<DigestType> for &'static digest::Algorithm {
    fn from(value: DigestType) -> &'static digest::Algorithm {
        match value {
            DigestType::SHA1 => &digest::SHA1_FOR_LEGACY_USE_ONLY,
            DigestType::SHA256 => &digest::SHA256,
            DigestType::SHA384 => &digest::SHA384,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use rustls_pki_types::pem::PemObject;

    use super::*;
    use crate::dnssec::test_utils::{hash_test, public_key_test};

    #[test]
    fn test_ec_p256_pkcs8() {
        let algorithm = Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256;
        let pkcs8 = EcdsaSigningKey::generate_pkcs8(algorithm).unwrap();
        let key = signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(pkcs8), algorithm).unwrap();
        public_key_test(&*key);

        let neg_pkcs8 = EcdsaSigningKey::generate_pkcs8(algorithm).unwrap();
        let neg = signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(neg_pkcs8), algorithm).unwrap();
        hash_test(&*key, &*neg);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ec_p384_pkcs8() {
        let algorithm = Algorithm::ECDSAP384SHA384;
        let pkcs8 = EcdsaSigningKey::generate_pkcs8(algorithm).unwrap();
        let key = signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(pkcs8), algorithm).unwrap();
        public_key_test(&*key);

        let neg_pkcs8 = EcdsaSigningKey::generate_pkcs8(algorithm).unwrap();
        let neg = signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(neg_pkcs8), algorithm).unwrap();
        hash_test(&*key, &*neg);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ed25519() {
        let algorithm = Algorithm::ED25519;
        let pkcs8 = Ed25519SigningKey::generate_pkcs8().unwrap();
        let key = signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(pkcs8), algorithm).unwrap();
        public_key_test(&*key);

        let neg_pkcs8 = Ed25519SigningKey::generate_pkcs8().unwrap();
        let neg = signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(neg_pkcs8), algorithm).unwrap();
        hash_test(&*key, &*neg);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rsa() {
        // ring currently does not support RSA key generation support.
        // Generated per the documentation from https://docs.rs/ring/latest/ring/rsa/struct.KeyPair.html#method.from_pkcs8.
        const KEY_1: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../tests/test-data/rsa-2048-private-key-1.pk8");
        const KEY_2: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../tests/test-data/rsa-2048-private-key-2.pk8");

        let algorithm = Algorithm::RSASHA256;
        let key_der = PrivateKeyDer::try_from(KEY_1).unwrap();
        let key = signing_key_from_der(&key_der, algorithm).unwrap();
        public_key_test(&*key);

        let key_der = PrivateKeyDer::try_from(KEY_2).unwrap();
        let neg = signing_key_from_der(&key_der, algorithm).unwrap();
        hash_test(&*key, &*neg);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ec_encode_decode_pkcs8() {
        let algorithm = Algorithm::ECDSAP256SHA256;
        let pkcs8 = EcdsaSigningKey::generate_pkcs8(algorithm).unwrap();
        signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(pkcs8), algorithm).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ed25519_encode_decode_pkcs8() {
        let pkcs8 = Ed25519SigningKey::generate_pkcs8().unwrap();
        signing_key_from_der(&PrivateKeyDer::from(pkcs8), Algorithm::ED25519).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rsasha256_encode_decode_pkcs8() {
        // ring currently does not support RSA key generation support.
        // Generated per the documentation from https://docs.rs/ring/latest/ring/rsa/struct.KeyPair.html#method.from_pkcs8.
        const KEY: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../tests/test-data/rsa-2048-private-key-1.pk8");
        let key_der = PrivateKeyDer::try_from(KEY).unwrap();
        signing_key_from_der(&key_der, Algorithm::RSASHA256).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rsasha256_decode_pkcs1() {
        const KEY: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../tests/test-data/rsa-2048-pkcs1.pem");
        let key_der = PrivateKeyDer::from_pem_slice(KEY).unwrap();
        assert!(matches!(key_der, PrivateKeyDer::Pkcs1(_)));
        signing_key_from_der(&key_der, Algorithm::RSASHA256).unwrap();
    }
}