solana_streamer/nonblocking/

quic.rs

use {
    crate::{
        nonblocking::{
            connection_rate_limiter::{ConnectionRateLimiter, TotalConnectionRateLimiter},
            stream_throttle::{
                ConnectionStreamCounter, StakedStreamLoadEMA, STREAM_THROTTLING_INTERVAL,
                STREAM_THROTTLING_INTERVAL_MS,
            },
        },
        quic::{configure_server, QuicServerError, StreamerStats},
        streamer::StakedNodes,
        tls_certificates::get_pubkey_from_tls_certificate,
    },
    async_channel::{
        unbounded as async_unbounded, Receiver as AsyncReceiver, Sender as AsyncSender,
    },
    bytes::Bytes,
    crossbeam_channel::Sender,
    futures::{stream::FuturesUnordered, Future, StreamExt as _},
    indexmap::map::{Entry, IndexMap},
    percentage::Percentage,
    quinn::{Accept, Connecting, Connection, Endpoint, EndpointConfig, TokioRuntime, VarInt},
    quinn_proto::VarIntBoundsExceeded,
    rand::{thread_rng, Rng},
    smallvec::SmallVec,
    solana_measure::measure::Measure,
    solana_perf::packet::{PacketBatch, PACKETS_PER_BATCH},
    solana_sdk::{
        packet::{Meta, PACKET_DATA_SIZE},
        pubkey::Pubkey,
        quic::{
            QUIC_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, QUIC_MAX_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
            QUIC_MAX_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO, QUIC_MAX_UNSTAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
            QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS, QUIC_MIN_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO,
            QUIC_TOTAL_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS, QUIC_UNSTAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO,
        },
        signature::{Keypair, Signature},
        timing,
    },
    solana_transaction_metrics_tracker::signature_if_should_track_packet,
    std::{
        array,
        fmt,
        iter::repeat_with,
        net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr, UdpSocket},
        pin::Pin,
        // CAUTION: be careful not to introduce any awaits while holding an RwLock.
        sync::{
            atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering},
            Arc, RwLock,
        },
        task::Poll,
        time::{Duration, Instant},
    },
    tokio::{
        // CAUTION: It's kind of sketch that we're mixing async and sync locks (see the RwLock above).
        // This is done so that sync code can also access the stake table.
        // Make sure we don't hold a sync lock across an await - including the await to
        // lock an async Mutex. This does not happen now and should not happen as long as we
        // don't hold an async Mutex and sync RwLock at the same time (currently true)
        // but if we do, the scope of the RwLock must always be a subset of the async Mutex
        // (i.e. lock order is always async Mutex -> RwLock). Also, be careful not to
        // introduce any other awaits while holding the RwLock.
        select,
        sync::{Mutex, MutexGuard},
        task::JoinHandle,
        time::{sleep, timeout},
    },
    tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken,
};

pub const DEFAULT_WAIT_FOR_CHUNK_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(2);

pub const ALPN_TPU_PROTOCOL_ID: &[u8] = b"solana-tpu";

const CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_DROPPED_ENTRY: u32 = 1;
const CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_DROPPED_ENTRY: &[u8] = b"dropped";

const CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_DISALLOWED: u32 = 2;
const CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_DISALLOWED: &[u8] = b"disallowed";

const CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_EXCEED_MAX_STREAM_COUNT: u32 = 3;
const CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_EXCEED_MAX_STREAM_COUNT: &[u8] = b"exceed_max_stream_count";

const CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_TOO_MANY: u32 = 4;
const CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_TOO_MANY: &[u8] = b"too_many";

const CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_INVALID_STREAM: u32 = 5;
const CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_INVALID_STREAM: &[u8] = b"invalid_stream";

/// Limit to 250K PPS
pub const DEFAULT_MAX_STREAMS_PER_MS: u64 = 250;

/// The new connections per minute from a particular IP address.
/// Heuristically set to the default maximum concurrent connections
/// per IP address. Might be adjusted later.
pub const DEFAULT_MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_IPADDR_PER_MINUTE: u64 = 8;

/// Total new connection counts per second. Heuristically taken from
/// the default staked and unstaked connection limits. Might be adjusted
/// later.
const TOTAL_CONNECTIONS_PER_SECOND: u64 = 2500;

/// The threshold of the size of the connection rate limiter map. When
/// the map size is above this, we will trigger a cleanup of older
/// entries used by past requests.
const CONNECTION_RATE_LIMITER_CLEANUP_SIZE_THRESHOLD: usize = 100_000;

// A struct to accumulate the bytes making up
// a packet, along with their offsets, and the
// packet metadata. We use this accumulator to avoid
// multiple copies of the Bytes (when building up
// the Packet and then when copying the Packet into a PacketBatch)
#[derive(Clone)]
struct PacketAccumulator {
    pub meta: Meta,
    pub chunks: SmallVec<[Bytes; 2]>,
    pub start_time: Instant,
}

impl PacketAccumulator {
    fn new(meta: Meta) -> Self {
        Self {
            meta,
            chunks: SmallVec::default(),
            start_time: Instant::now(),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub enum ConnectionPeerType {
    Unstaked,
    Staked(u64),
}

impl ConnectionPeerType {
    pub(crate) fn is_staked(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, ConnectionPeerType::Staked(_))
    }
}

pub struct SpawnNonBlockingServerResult {
    pub endpoints: Vec<Endpoint>,
    pub stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
    pub thread: JoinHandle<()>,
    pub max_concurrent_connections: usize,
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
pub fn spawn_server(
    name: &'static str,
    sock: UdpSocket,
    keypair: &Keypair,
    packet_sender: Sender<PacketBatch>,
    exit: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    max_connections_per_peer: usize,
    staked_nodes: Arc<RwLock<StakedNodes>>,
    max_staked_connections: usize,
    max_unstaked_connections: usize,
    max_streams_per_ms: u64,
    max_connections_per_ipaddr_per_min: u64,
    wait_for_chunk_timeout: Duration,
    coalesce: Duration,
) -> Result<SpawnNonBlockingServerResult, QuicServerError> {
    spawn_server_multi(
        name,
        vec![sock],
        keypair,
        packet_sender,
        exit,
        max_connections_per_peer,
        staked_nodes,
        max_staked_connections,
        max_unstaked_connections,
        max_streams_per_ms,
        max_connections_per_ipaddr_per_min,
        wait_for_chunk_timeout,
        coalesce,
    )
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, clippy::type_complexity)]
pub fn spawn_server_multi(
    name: &'static str,
    sockets: Vec<UdpSocket>,
    keypair: &Keypair,
    packet_sender: Sender<PacketBatch>,
    exit: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    max_connections_per_peer: usize,
    staked_nodes: Arc<RwLock<StakedNodes>>,
    max_staked_connections: usize,
    max_unstaked_connections: usize,
    max_streams_per_ms: u64,
    max_connections_per_ipaddr_per_min: u64,
    wait_for_chunk_timeout: Duration,
    coalesce: Duration,
) -> Result<SpawnNonBlockingServerResult, QuicServerError> {
    info!("Start {name} quic server on {sockets:?}");
    let concurrent_connections = max_staked_connections + max_unstaked_connections;
    let max_concurrent_connections = concurrent_connections + concurrent_connections / 4;
    let (config, _) = configure_server(keypair)?;

    let endpoints = sockets
        .into_iter()
        .map(|sock| {
            Endpoint::new(
                EndpointConfig::default(),
                Some(config.clone()),
                sock,
                Arc::new(TokioRuntime),
            )
            .map_err(QuicServerError::EndpointFailed)
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
    let stats = Arc::<StreamerStats>::default();
    let handle = tokio::spawn(run_server(
        name,
        endpoints.clone(),
        packet_sender,
        exit,
        max_connections_per_peer,
        staked_nodes,
        max_staked_connections,
        max_unstaked_connections,
        max_streams_per_ms,
        max_connections_per_ipaddr_per_min,
        stats.clone(),
        wait_for_chunk_timeout,
        coalesce,
        max_concurrent_connections,
    ));
    Ok(SpawnNonBlockingServerResult {
        endpoints,
        stats,
        thread: handle,
        max_concurrent_connections,
    })
}

/// struct ease tracking connections of all stages, so that we do not have to
/// litter the code with open connection tracking. This is added into the
/// connection table as part of the ConnectionEntry. The reference is auto
/// reduced when it is dropped.

struct ClientConnectionTracker {
    stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
}

/// This is required by ConnectionEntry for supporting debug format.
impl fmt::Debug for ClientConnectionTracker {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("StreamerClientConnection")
            .field(
                "open_connections:",
                &self.stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            )
            .finish()
    }
}

impl Drop for ClientConnectionTracker {
    /// When this is dropped, reduce the open connection count.
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.stats.open_connections.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
}

impl ClientConnectionTracker {
    /// Check the max_concurrent_connections limit and if it is within the limit
    /// create ClientConnectionTracker and increment open connection count. Otherwise returns Err
    fn new(stats: Arc<StreamerStats>, max_concurrent_connections: usize) -> Result<Self, ()> {
        let open_connections = stats.open_connections.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        if open_connections >= max_concurrent_connections {
            stats.open_connections.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            debug!(
                "There are too many concurrent connections opened already: open: {}, max: {}",
                open_connections, max_concurrent_connections
            );
            return Err(());
        }

        Ok(Self { stats })
    }
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
async fn run_server(
    name: &'static str,
    endpoints: Vec<Endpoint>,
    packet_sender: Sender<PacketBatch>,
    exit: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    max_connections_per_peer: usize,
    staked_nodes: Arc<RwLock<StakedNodes>>,
    max_staked_connections: usize,
    max_unstaked_connections: usize,
    max_streams_per_ms: u64,
    max_connections_per_ipaddr_per_min: u64,
    stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
    wait_for_chunk_timeout: Duration,
    coalesce: Duration,
    max_concurrent_connections: usize,
) {
    let rate_limiter = ConnectionRateLimiter::new(max_connections_per_ipaddr_per_min);
    let overall_connection_rate_limiter =
        TotalConnectionRateLimiter::new(TOTAL_CONNECTIONS_PER_SECOND);

    const WAIT_FOR_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(1);
    debug!("spawn quic server");
    let mut last_datapoint = Instant::now();
    let unstaked_connection_table: Arc<Mutex<ConnectionTable>> =
        Arc::new(Mutex::new(ConnectionTable::new()));
    let stream_load_ema = Arc::new(StakedStreamLoadEMA::new(
        stats.clone(),
        max_unstaked_connections,
        max_streams_per_ms,
    ));
    stats
        .quic_endpoints_count
        .store(endpoints.len(), Ordering::Relaxed);
    let staked_connection_table: Arc<Mutex<ConnectionTable>> =
        Arc::new(Mutex::new(ConnectionTable::new()));
    let (sender, receiver) = async_unbounded();
    tokio::spawn(packet_batch_sender(
        packet_sender,
        receiver,
        exit.clone(),
        stats.clone(),
        coalesce,
    ));

    let mut accepts = endpoints
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .map(|(i, incoming)| {
            Box::pin(EndpointAccept {
                accept: incoming.accept(),
                endpoint: i,
            })
        })
        .collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>();

    while !exit.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
        let timeout_connection = select! {
            ready = accepts.next() => {
                if let Some((connecting, i)) = ready {
                    accepts.push(
                        Box::pin(EndpointAccept {
                            accept: endpoints[i].accept(),
                            endpoint: i,
                        }
                    ));
                    Ok(connecting)
                } else {
                    // we can't really get here - we never poll an empty FuturesUnordered
                    continue
                }
            }
            _ = tokio::time::sleep(WAIT_FOR_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT) => {
                Err(())
            }
        };

        if last_datapoint.elapsed().as_secs() >= 5 {
            stats.report(name);
            last_datapoint = Instant::now();
        }

        if let Ok(Some(incoming)) = timeout_connection {
            stats
                .total_incoming_connection_attempts
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

            let remote_address = incoming.remote_address();

            // first check overall connection rate limit:
            if !overall_connection_rate_limiter.is_allowed() {
                debug!(
                    "Reject connection from {:?} -- total rate limiting exceeded",
                    remote_address.ip()
                );
                stats
                    .connection_rate_limited_across_all
                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                incoming.ignore();
                continue;
            }

            if rate_limiter.len() > CONNECTION_RATE_LIMITER_CLEANUP_SIZE_THRESHOLD {
                rate_limiter.retain_recent();
            }
            stats
                .connection_rate_limiter_length
                .store(rate_limiter.len(), Ordering::Relaxed);
            debug!("Got a connection {remote_address:?}");
            if !rate_limiter.is_allowed(&remote_address.ip()) {
                debug!(
                    "Reject connection from {:?} -- rate limiting exceeded",
                    remote_address
                );
                stats
                    .connection_rate_limited_per_ipaddr
                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                incoming.ignore();
                continue;
            }

            let Ok(client_connection_tracker) =
                ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), max_concurrent_connections)
            else {
                stats
                    .refused_connections_too_many_open_connections
                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                incoming.refuse();
                continue;
            };

            stats
                .outstanding_incoming_connection_attempts
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            let connecting = incoming.accept();
            match connecting {
                Ok(connecting) => {
                    tokio::spawn(setup_connection(
                        connecting,
                        client_connection_tracker,
                        unstaked_connection_table.clone(),
                        staked_connection_table.clone(),
                        sender.clone(),
                        max_connections_per_peer,
                        staked_nodes.clone(),
                        max_staked_connections,
                        max_unstaked_connections,
                        max_streams_per_ms,
                        stats.clone(),
                        wait_for_chunk_timeout,
                        stream_load_ema.clone(),
                    ));
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    debug!("Incoming::accept(): error {:?}", err);
                }
            }
        } else {
            debug!("accept(): Timed out waiting for connection");
        }
    }
}

fn prune_unstaked_connection_table(
    unstaked_connection_table: &mut ConnectionTable,
    max_unstaked_connections: usize,
    stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
) {
    if unstaked_connection_table.total_size >= max_unstaked_connections {
        const PRUNE_TABLE_TO_PERCENTAGE: u8 = 90;
        let max_percentage_full = Percentage::from(PRUNE_TABLE_TO_PERCENTAGE);

        let max_connections = max_percentage_full.apply_to(max_unstaked_connections);
        let num_pruned = unstaked_connection_table.prune_oldest(max_connections);
        stats.num_evictions.fetch_add(num_pruned, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
}

pub fn get_remote_pubkey(connection: &Connection) -> Option<Pubkey> {
    // Use the client cert only if it is self signed and the chain length is 1.
    connection
        .peer_identity()?
        .downcast::<Vec<rustls::pki_types::CertificateDer>>()
        .ok()
        .filter(|certs| certs.len() == 1)?
        .first()
        .and_then(get_pubkey_from_tls_certificate)
}

fn get_connection_stake(
    connection: &Connection,
    staked_nodes: &RwLock<StakedNodes>,
) -> Option<(Pubkey, u64, u64, u64, u64)> {
    let pubkey = get_remote_pubkey(connection)?;
    debug!("Peer public key is {pubkey:?}");
    let staked_nodes = staked_nodes.read().unwrap();
    Some((
        pubkey,
        staked_nodes.get_node_stake(&pubkey)?,
        staked_nodes.total_stake(),
        staked_nodes.max_stake(),
        staked_nodes.min_stake(),
    ))
}

pub fn compute_max_allowed_uni_streams(peer_type: ConnectionPeerType, total_stake: u64) -> usize {
    match peer_type {
        ConnectionPeerType::Staked(peer_stake) => {
            // No checked math for f64 type. So let's explicitly check for 0 here
            if total_stake == 0 || peer_stake > total_stake {
                warn!(
                    "Invalid stake values: peer_stake: {:?}, total_stake: {:?}",
                    peer_stake, total_stake,
                );

                QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS
            } else {
                let delta = (QUIC_TOTAL_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS
                    - QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS) as f64;

                (((peer_stake as f64 / total_stake as f64) * delta) as usize
                    + QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS)
                    .clamp(
                        QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
                        QUIC_MAX_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
                    )
            }
        }
        ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked => QUIC_MAX_UNSTAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
    }
}

enum ConnectionHandlerError {
    ConnectionAddError,
    MaxStreamError,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct NewConnectionHandlerParams {
    // In principle, the code can be made to work with a crossbeam channel
    // as long as we're careful never to use a blocking recv or send call
    // but I've found that it's simply too easy to accidentally block
    // in async code when using the crossbeam channel, so for the sake of maintainability,
    // we're sticking with an async channel
    packet_sender: AsyncSender<PacketAccumulator>,
    remote_pubkey: Option<Pubkey>,
    peer_type: ConnectionPeerType,
    total_stake: u64,
    max_connections_per_peer: usize,
    stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
    max_stake: u64,
    min_stake: u64,
}

impl NewConnectionHandlerParams {
    fn new_unstaked(
        packet_sender: AsyncSender<PacketAccumulator>,
        max_connections_per_peer: usize,
        stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
    ) -> NewConnectionHandlerParams {
        NewConnectionHandlerParams {
            packet_sender,
            remote_pubkey: None,
            peer_type: ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
            total_stake: 0,
            max_connections_per_peer,
            stats,
            max_stake: 0,
            min_stake: 0,
        }
    }
}

fn handle_and_cache_new_connection(
    client_connection_tracker: ClientConnectionTracker,
    connection: Connection,
    mut connection_table_l: MutexGuard<ConnectionTable>,
    connection_table: Arc<Mutex<ConnectionTable>>,
    params: &NewConnectionHandlerParams,
    wait_for_chunk_timeout: Duration,
    stream_load_ema: Arc<StakedStreamLoadEMA>,
) -> Result<(), ConnectionHandlerError> {
    if let Ok(max_uni_streams) = VarInt::from_u64(compute_max_allowed_uni_streams(
        params.peer_type,
        params.total_stake,
    ) as u64)
    {
        let remote_addr = connection.remote_address();
        let receive_window =
            compute_recieve_window(params.max_stake, params.min_stake, params.peer_type);

        debug!(
            "Peer type {:?}, total stake {}, max streams {} receive_window {:?} from peer {}",
            params.peer_type,
            params.total_stake,
            max_uni_streams.into_inner(),
            receive_window,
            remote_addr,
        );

        if let Some((last_update, cancel_connection, stream_counter)) = connection_table_l
            .try_add_connection(
                ConnectionTableKey::new(remote_addr.ip(), params.remote_pubkey),
                remote_addr.port(),
                client_connection_tracker,
                Some(connection.clone()),
                params.peer_type,
                timing::timestamp(),
                params.max_connections_per_peer,
            )
        {
            drop(connection_table_l);

            if let Ok(receive_window) = receive_window {
                connection.set_receive_window(receive_window);
            }
            connection.set_max_concurrent_uni_streams(max_uni_streams);

            tokio::spawn(handle_connection(
                connection,
                remote_addr,
                last_update,
                connection_table,
                cancel_connection,
                params.clone(),
                wait_for_chunk_timeout,
                stream_load_ema,
                stream_counter,
            ));
            Ok(())
        } else {
            params
                .stats
                .connection_add_failed
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            Err(ConnectionHandlerError::ConnectionAddError)
        }
    } else {
        connection.close(
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_EXCEED_MAX_STREAM_COUNT.into(),
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_EXCEED_MAX_STREAM_COUNT,
        );
        params
            .stats
            .connection_add_failed_invalid_stream_count
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        Err(ConnectionHandlerError::MaxStreamError)
    }
}

async fn prune_unstaked_connections_and_add_new_connection(
    client_connection_tracker: ClientConnectionTracker,
    connection: Connection,
    connection_table: Arc<Mutex<ConnectionTable>>,
    max_connections: usize,
    params: &NewConnectionHandlerParams,
    wait_for_chunk_timeout: Duration,
    stream_load_ema: Arc<StakedStreamLoadEMA>,
) -> Result<(), ConnectionHandlerError> {
    let stats = params.stats.clone();
    if max_connections > 0 {
        let connection_table_clone = connection_table.clone();
        let mut connection_table = connection_table.lock().await;
        prune_unstaked_connection_table(&mut connection_table, max_connections, stats);
        handle_and_cache_new_connection(
            client_connection_tracker,
            connection,
            connection_table,
            connection_table_clone,
            params,
            wait_for_chunk_timeout,
            stream_load_ema,
        )
    } else {
        connection.close(
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_DISALLOWED.into(),
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_DISALLOWED,
        );
        Err(ConnectionHandlerError::ConnectionAddError)
    }
}

/// Calculate the ratio for per connection receive window from a staked peer
fn compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake: u64, min_stake: u64, stake: u64) -> u64 {
    // Testing shows the maximum througput from a connection is achieved at receive_window =
    // PACKET_DATA_SIZE * 10. Beyond that, there is not much gain. We linearly map the
    // stake to the ratio range from QUIC_MIN_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO to
    // QUIC_MAX_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO. Where the linear algebra of finding the ratio 'r'
    // for stake 's' is,
    // r(s) = a * s + b. Given the max_stake, min_stake, max_ratio, min_ratio, we can find
    // a and b.

    if stake > max_stake {
        return QUIC_MAX_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO;
    }

    let max_ratio = QUIC_MAX_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO;
    let min_ratio = QUIC_MIN_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO;
    if max_stake > min_stake {
        let a = (max_ratio - min_ratio) as f64 / (max_stake - min_stake) as f64;
        let b = max_ratio as f64 - ((max_stake as f64) * a);
        let ratio = (a * stake as f64) + b;
        ratio.round() as u64
    } else {
        QUIC_MAX_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO
    }
}

fn compute_recieve_window(
    max_stake: u64,
    min_stake: u64,
    peer_type: ConnectionPeerType,
) -> Result<VarInt, VarIntBoundsExceeded> {
    match peer_type {
        ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked => {
            VarInt::from_u64(PACKET_DATA_SIZE as u64 * QUIC_UNSTAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO)
        }
        ConnectionPeerType::Staked(peer_stake) => {
            let ratio =
                compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake, min_stake, peer_stake);
            VarInt::from_u64(PACKET_DATA_SIZE as u64 * ratio)
        }
    }
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
async fn setup_connection(
    connecting: Connecting,
    client_connection_tracker: ClientConnectionTracker,
    unstaked_connection_table: Arc<Mutex<ConnectionTable>>,
    staked_connection_table: Arc<Mutex<ConnectionTable>>,
    packet_sender: AsyncSender<PacketAccumulator>,
    max_connections_per_peer: usize,
    staked_nodes: Arc<RwLock<StakedNodes>>,
    max_staked_connections: usize,
    max_unstaked_connections: usize,
    max_streams_per_ms: u64,
    stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
    wait_for_chunk_timeout: Duration,
    stream_load_ema: Arc<StakedStreamLoadEMA>,
) {
    const PRUNE_RANDOM_SAMPLE_SIZE: usize = 2;
    let from = connecting.remote_address();
    let res = timeout(QUIC_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, connecting).await;
    stats
        .outstanding_incoming_connection_attempts
        .fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    if let Ok(connecting_result) = res {
        match connecting_result {
            Ok(new_connection) => {
                stats.total_new_connections.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

                let params = get_connection_stake(&new_connection, &staked_nodes).map_or(
                    NewConnectionHandlerParams::new_unstaked(
                        packet_sender.clone(),
                        max_connections_per_peer,
                        stats.clone(),
                    ),
                    |(pubkey, stake, total_stake, max_stake, min_stake)| {
                        // The heuristic is that the stake should be large engouh to have 1 stream pass throuh within one throttle
                        // interval during which we allow max (MAX_STREAMS_PER_MS * STREAM_THROTTLING_INTERVAL_MS) streams.
                        let min_stake_ratio =
                            1_f64 / (max_streams_per_ms * STREAM_THROTTLING_INTERVAL_MS) as f64;
                        let stake_ratio = stake as f64 / total_stake as f64;
                        let peer_type = if stake_ratio < min_stake_ratio {
                            // If it is a staked connection with ultra low stake ratio, treat it as unstaked.
                            ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked
                        } else {
                            ConnectionPeerType::Staked(stake)
                        };
                        NewConnectionHandlerParams {
                            packet_sender,
                            remote_pubkey: Some(pubkey),
                            peer_type,
                            total_stake,
                            max_connections_per_peer,
                            stats: stats.clone(),
                            max_stake,
                            min_stake,
                        }
                    },
                );

                match params.peer_type {
                    ConnectionPeerType::Staked(stake) => {
                        let mut connection_table_l = staked_connection_table.lock().await;

                        if connection_table_l.total_size >= max_staked_connections {
                            let num_pruned =
                                connection_table_l.prune_random(PRUNE_RANDOM_SAMPLE_SIZE, stake);
                            stats.num_evictions.fetch_add(num_pruned, Ordering::Relaxed);
                        }

                        if connection_table_l.total_size < max_staked_connections {
                            if let Ok(()) = handle_and_cache_new_connection(
                                client_connection_tracker,
                                new_connection,
                                connection_table_l,
                                staked_connection_table.clone(),
                                &params,
                                wait_for_chunk_timeout,
                                stream_load_ema.clone(),
                            ) {
                                stats
                                    .connection_added_from_staked_peer
                                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                            }
                        } else {
                            // If we couldn't prune a connection in the staked connection table, let's
                            // put this connection in the unstaked connection table. If needed, prune a
                            // connection from the unstaked connection table.
                            if let Ok(()) = prune_unstaked_connections_and_add_new_connection(
                                client_connection_tracker,
                                new_connection,
                                unstaked_connection_table.clone(),
                                max_unstaked_connections,
                                &params,
                                wait_for_chunk_timeout,
                                stream_load_ema.clone(),
                            )
                            .await
                            {
                                stats
                                    .connection_added_from_staked_peer
                                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                            } else {
                                stats
                                    .connection_add_failed_on_pruning
                                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                                stats
                                    .connection_add_failed_staked_node
                                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked => {
                        if let Ok(()) = prune_unstaked_connections_and_add_new_connection(
                            client_connection_tracker,
                            new_connection,
                            unstaked_connection_table.clone(),
                            max_unstaked_connections,
                            &params,
                            wait_for_chunk_timeout,
                            stream_load_ema.clone(),
                        )
                        .await
                        {
                            stats
                                .connection_added_from_unstaked_peer
                                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                        } else {
                            stats
                                .connection_add_failed_unstaked_node
                                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Err(e) => {
                handle_connection_error(e, &stats, from);
            }
        }
    } else {
        stats
            .connection_setup_timeout
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
}

fn handle_connection_error(e: quinn::ConnectionError, stats: &StreamerStats, from: SocketAddr) {
    debug!("error: {:?} from: {:?}", e, from);
    stats.connection_setup_error.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    match e {
        quinn::ConnectionError::TimedOut => {
            stats
                .connection_setup_error_timed_out
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
        quinn::ConnectionError::ConnectionClosed(_) => {
            stats
                .connection_setup_error_closed
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
        quinn::ConnectionError::TransportError(_) => {
            stats
                .connection_setup_error_transport
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
        quinn::ConnectionError::ApplicationClosed(_) => {
            stats
                .connection_setup_error_app_closed
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
        quinn::ConnectionError::Reset => {
            stats
                .connection_setup_error_reset
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
        quinn::ConnectionError::LocallyClosed => {
            stats
                .connection_setup_error_locally_closed
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

// Holder(s) of the AsyncSender<PacketAccumulator> on the other end should not
// wait for this function to exit to exit
async fn packet_batch_sender(
    packet_sender: Sender<PacketBatch>,
    packet_receiver: AsyncReceiver<PacketAccumulator>,
    exit: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    stats: Arc<StreamerStats>,
    coalesce: Duration,
) {
    trace!("enter packet_batch_sender");
    let mut batch_start_time = Instant::now();
    loop {
        let mut packet_perf_measure: Vec<([u8; 64], Instant)> = Vec::default();
        let mut packet_batch = PacketBatch::with_capacity(PACKETS_PER_BATCH);
        let mut total_bytes: usize = 0;

        stats
            .total_packet_batches_allocated
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        stats
            .total_packets_allocated
            .fetch_add(PACKETS_PER_BATCH, Ordering::Relaxed);

        loop {
            if exit.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
                return;
            }
            let elapsed = batch_start_time.elapsed();
            if packet_batch.len() >= PACKETS_PER_BATCH
                || (!packet_batch.is_empty() && elapsed >= coalesce)
            {
                let len = packet_batch.len();
                track_streamer_fetch_packet_performance(&packet_perf_measure, &stats);

                if let Err(e) = packet_sender.send(packet_batch) {
                    stats
                        .total_packet_batch_send_err
                        .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    trace!("Send error: {}", e);
                } else {
                    stats
                        .total_packet_batches_sent
                        .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

                    stats
                        .total_packets_sent_to_consumer
                        .fetch_add(len, Ordering::Relaxed);

                    stats
                        .total_bytes_sent_to_consumer
                        .fetch_add(total_bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);

                    trace!("Sent {} packet batch", len);
                }
                break;
            }

            let timeout_res = if !packet_batch.is_empty() {
                // If we get here, elapsed < coalesce (see above if condition)
                timeout(coalesce - elapsed, packet_receiver.recv()).await
            } else {
                // Small bit of non-idealness here: the holder(s) of the other end
                // of packet_receiver must drop it (without waiting for us to exit)
                // or we have a chance of sleeping here forever
                // and never polling exit. Not a huge deal in practice as the
                // only time this happens is when we tear down the server
                // and at that time the other end does indeed not wait for us
                // to exit here
                Ok(packet_receiver.recv().await)
            };

            if let Ok(Ok(packet_accumulator)) = timeout_res {
                // Start the timeout from when the packet batch first becomes non-empty
                if packet_batch.is_empty() {
                    batch_start_time = Instant::now();
                }

                unsafe {
                    packet_batch.set_len(packet_batch.len() + 1);
                }

                let i = packet_batch.len() - 1;
                *packet_batch[i].meta_mut() = packet_accumulator.meta;
                let num_chunks = packet_accumulator.chunks.len();
                let mut offset = 0;
                for chunk in packet_accumulator.chunks {
                    packet_batch[i].buffer_mut()[offset..offset + chunk.len()]
                        .copy_from_slice(&chunk);
                    offset += chunk.len();
                }

                total_bytes += packet_batch[i].meta().size;

                if let Some(signature) = signature_if_should_track_packet(&packet_batch[i])
                    .ok()
                    .flatten()
                {
                    packet_perf_measure.push((*signature, packet_accumulator.start_time));
                    // we set the PERF_TRACK_PACKET on
                    packet_batch[i].meta_mut().set_track_performance(true);
                }
                stats
                    .total_chunks_processed_by_batcher
                    .fetch_add(num_chunks, Ordering::Relaxed);
            }
        }
    }
}

fn track_streamer_fetch_packet_performance(
    packet_perf_measure: &[([u8; 64], Instant)],
    stats: &StreamerStats,
) {
    if packet_perf_measure.is_empty() {
        return;
    }
    let mut measure = Measure::start("track_perf");
    let mut process_sampled_packets_us_hist = stats.process_sampled_packets_us_hist.lock().unwrap();

    let now = Instant::now();
    for (signature, start_time) in packet_perf_measure {
        let duration = now.duration_since(*start_time);
        debug!(
            "QUIC streamer fetch stage took {duration:?} for transaction {:?}",
            Signature::from(*signature)
        );
        process_sampled_packets_us_hist
            .increment(duration.as_micros() as u64)
            .unwrap();
    }

    drop(process_sampled_packets_us_hist);
    measure.stop();
    stats
        .perf_track_overhead_us
        .fetch_add(measure.as_us(), Ordering::Relaxed);
}

async fn handle_connection(
    connection: Connection,
    remote_addr: SocketAddr,
    last_update: Arc<AtomicU64>,
    connection_table: Arc<Mutex<ConnectionTable>>,
    cancel: CancellationToken,
    params: NewConnectionHandlerParams,
    wait_for_chunk_timeout: Duration,
    stream_load_ema: Arc<StakedStreamLoadEMA>,
    stream_counter: Arc<ConnectionStreamCounter>,
) {
    let NewConnectionHandlerParams {
        packet_sender,
        peer_type,
        remote_pubkey,
        stats,
        total_stake,
        ..
    } = params;

    debug!(
        "quic new connection {} streams: {} connections: {}",
        remote_addr,
        stats.total_streams.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
        stats.total_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
    );
    stats.total_connections.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

    'conn: loop {
        // Wait for new streams. If the peer is disconnected we get a cancellation signal and stop
        // the connection task.
        let mut stream = select! {
            stream = connection.accept_uni() => match stream {
                Ok(stream) => stream,
                Err(e) => {
                    debug!("stream error: {:?}", e);
                    break;
                }
            },
            _ = cancel.cancelled() => break,
        };

        let max_streams_per_throttling_interval =
            stream_load_ema.available_load_capacity_in_throttling_duration(peer_type, total_stake);

        let throttle_interval_start = stream_counter.reset_throttling_params_if_needed();
        let streams_read_in_throttle_interval = stream_counter.stream_count.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        if streams_read_in_throttle_interval >= max_streams_per_throttling_interval {
            // The peer is sending faster than we're willing to read. Sleep for what's
            // left of this read interval so the peer backs off.
            let throttle_duration =
                STREAM_THROTTLING_INTERVAL.saturating_sub(throttle_interval_start.elapsed());

            if !throttle_duration.is_zero() {
                debug!("Throttling stream from {remote_addr:?}, peer type: {:?}, total stake: {}, \
                                    max_streams_per_interval: {max_streams_per_throttling_interval}, read_interval_streams: {streams_read_in_throttle_interval} \
                                    throttle_duration: {throttle_duration:?}",
                                    peer_type, total_stake);
                stats.throttled_streams.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                match peer_type {
                    ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked => {
                        stats
                            .throttled_unstaked_streams
                            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    }
                    ConnectionPeerType::Staked(_) => {
                        stats
                            .throttled_staked_streams
                            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    }
                }
                sleep(throttle_duration).await;
            }
        }
        stream_load_ema.increment_load(peer_type);
        stream_counter.stream_count.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        stats.total_streams.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        stats.total_new_streams.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

        let mut meta = Meta::default();
        meta.set_socket_addr(&remote_addr);
        meta.set_from_staked_node(matches!(peer_type, ConnectionPeerType::Staked(_)));
        let mut accum = PacketAccumulator::new(meta);

        // Virtually all small transactions will fit in 1 chunk. Larger transactions will fit in 1
        // or 2 chunks if the first chunk starts towards the end of a datagram. A small number of
        // transaction will have other protocol frames inserted in the middle. Empirically it's been
        // observed that 4 is the maximum number of chunks txs get split into.
        //
        // Bytes values are small, so overall the array takes only 128 bytes, and the "cost" of
        // overallocating a few bytes is negligible compared to the cost of having to do multiple
        // read_chunks() calls.
        let mut chunks: [Bytes; 4] = array::from_fn(|_| Bytes::new());

        loop {
            // Read the next chunks, waiting up to `wait_for_chunk_timeout`. If we don't get chunks
            // before then, we assume the stream is dead. This can only happen if there's severe
            // packet loss or the peer stops sending for whatever reason.
            let n_chunks = match tokio::select! {
                chunk = tokio::time::timeout(
                    wait_for_chunk_timeout,
                    stream.read_chunks(&mut chunks)) => chunk,

                // If the peer gets disconnected stop the task right away.
                _ = cancel.cancelled() => break,
            } {
                // read_chunk returned success
                Ok(Ok(chunk)) => chunk.unwrap_or(0),
                // read_chunk returned error
                Ok(Err(e)) => {
                    debug!("Received stream error: {:?}", e);
                    stats
                        .total_stream_read_errors
                        .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    break;
                }
                // timeout elapsed
                Err(_) => {
                    debug!("Timeout in receiving on stream");
                    stats
                        .total_stream_read_timeouts
                        .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    break;
                }
            };

            match handle_chunks(
                // Bytes::clone() is a cheap atomic inc
                chunks.iter().take(n_chunks).cloned(),
                &mut accum,
                &packet_sender,
                &stats,
                peer_type,
            )
            .await
            {
                // The stream is finished, break out of the loop and close the stream.
                Ok(StreamState::Finished) => {
                    last_update.store(timing::timestamp(), Ordering::Relaxed);
                    break;
                }
                // The stream is still active, continue reading.
                Ok(StreamState::Receiving) => {}
                Err(_) => {
                    // Disconnect peers that send invalid streams.
                    connection.close(
                        CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_INVALID_STREAM.into(),
                        CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_INVALID_STREAM,
                    );
                    break 'conn;
                }
            }
        }

        stats.total_streams.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        stream_load_ema.update_ema_if_needed();
    }

    let stable_id = connection.stable_id();
    let removed_connection_count = connection_table.lock().await.remove_connection(
        ConnectionTableKey::new(remote_addr.ip(), remote_pubkey),
        remote_addr.port(),
        stable_id,
    );
    if removed_connection_count > 0 {
        stats
            .connection_removed
            .fetch_add(removed_connection_count, Ordering::Relaxed);
    } else {
        stats
            .connection_remove_failed
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
    stats.total_connections.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
}

enum StreamState {
    // Stream is not finished, keep receiving chunks
    Receiving,
    // Stream is finished
    Finished,
}

// Handle the chunks received from the stream. If the stream is finished, send the packet to the
// packet sender.
//
// Returns Err(()) if the stream is invalid.
async fn handle_chunks(
    chunks: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Bytes>,
    accum: &mut PacketAccumulator,
    packet_sender: &AsyncSender<PacketAccumulator>,
    stats: &StreamerStats,
    peer_type: ConnectionPeerType,
) -> Result<StreamState, ()> {
    let n_chunks = chunks.len();
    for chunk in chunks {
        accum.meta.size += chunk.len();
        if accum.meta.size > PACKET_DATA_SIZE {
            // The stream window size is set to PACKET_DATA_SIZE, so one individual chunk can
            // never exceed this size. A peer can send two chunks that together exceed the size
            // tho, in which case we report the error.
            stats.invalid_stream_size.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            debug!("invalid stream size {}", accum.meta.size);
            return Err(());
        }
        accum.chunks.push(chunk);
        if peer_type.is_staked() {
            stats
                .total_staked_chunks_received
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        } else {
            stats
                .total_unstaked_chunks_received
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
    }

    // n_chunks == 0 marks the end of a stream
    if n_chunks != 0 {
        return Ok(StreamState::Receiving);
    }

    if accum.chunks.is_empty() {
        debug!("stream is empty");
        stats
            .total_packet_batches_none
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        return Err(());
    }

    // done receiving chunks
    let bytes_sent = accum.meta.size;
    let chunks_sent = accum.chunks.len();

    if let Err(err) = packet_sender.send(accum.clone()).await {
        stats
            .total_handle_chunk_to_packet_batcher_send_err
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        trace!("packet batch send error {:?}", err);
    } else {
        stats
            .total_packets_sent_for_batching
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        stats
            .total_bytes_sent_for_batching
            .fetch_add(bytes_sent, Ordering::Relaxed);
        stats
            .total_chunks_sent_for_batching
            .fetch_add(chunks_sent, Ordering::Relaxed);

        match peer_type {
            ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked => {
                stats
                    .total_unstaked_packets_sent_for_batching
                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            }
            ConnectionPeerType::Staked(_) => {
                stats
                    .total_staked_packets_sent_for_batching
                    .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            }
        }

        trace!("sent {} byte packet for batching", bytes_sent);
    }

    Ok(StreamState::Finished)
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct ConnectionEntry {
    cancel: CancellationToken,
    peer_type: ConnectionPeerType,
    last_update: Arc<AtomicU64>,
    port: u16,
    // We do not explicitly use it, but its drop is triggered when ConnectionEntry is dropped.
    _client_connection_tracker: ClientConnectionTracker,
    connection: Option<Connection>,
    stream_counter: Arc<ConnectionStreamCounter>,
}

impl ConnectionEntry {
    fn new(
        cancel: CancellationToken,
        peer_type: ConnectionPeerType,
        last_update: Arc<AtomicU64>,
        port: u16,
        client_connection_tracker: ClientConnectionTracker,
        connection: Option<Connection>,
        stream_counter: Arc<ConnectionStreamCounter>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            cancel,
            peer_type,
            last_update,
            port,
            _client_connection_tracker: client_connection_tracker,
            connection,
            stream_counter,
        }
    }

    fn last_update(&self) -> u64 {
        self.last_update.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
    }

    fn stake(&self) -> u64 {
        match self.peer_type {
            ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked => 0,
            ConnectionPeerType::Staked(stake) => stake,
        }
    }
}

impl Drop for ConnectionEntry {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(conn) = self.connection.take() {
            conn.close(
                CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_DROPPED_ENTRY.into(),
                CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_DROPPED_ENTRY,
            );
        }
        self.cancel.cancel();
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
enum ConnectionTableKey {
    IP(IpAddr),
    Pubkey(Pubkey),
}

impl ConnectionTableKey {
    fn new(ip: IpAddr, maybe_pubkey: Option<Pubkey>) -> Self {
        maybe_pubkey.map_or(ConnectionTableKey::IP(ip), |pubkey| {
            ConnectionTableKey::Pubkey(pubkey)
        })
    }
}

// Map of IP to list of connection entries
struct ConnectionTable {
    table: IndexMap<ConnectionTableKey, Vec<ConnectionEntry>>,
    total_size: usize,
}

// Prune the connection which has the oldest update
// Return number pruned
impl ConnectionTable {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            table: IndexMap::default(),
            total_size: 0,
        }
    }

    fn prune_oldest(&mut self, max_size: usize) -> usize {
        let mut num_pruned = 0;
        let key = |(_, connections): &(_, &Vec<_>)| {
            connections.iter().map(ConnectionEntry::last_update).min()
        };
        while self.total_size.saturating_sub(num_pruned) > max_size {
            match self.table.values().enumerate().min_by_key(key) {
                None => break,
                Some((index, connections)) => {
                    num_pruned += connections.len();
                    self.table.swap_remove_index(index);
                }
            }
        }
        self.total_size = self.total_size.saturating_sub(num_pruned);
        num_pruned
    }

    // Randomly selects sample_size many connections, evicts the one with the
    // lowest stake, and returns the number of pruned connections.
    // If the stakes of all the sampled connections are higher than the
    // threshold_stake, rejects the pruning attempt, and returns 0.
    fn prune_random(&mut self, sample_size: usize, threshold_stake: u64) -> usize {
        let num_pruned = std::iter::once(self.table.len())
            .filter(|&size| size > 0)
            .flat_map(|size| {
                let mut rng = thread_rng();
                repeat_with(move || rng.gen_range(0..size))
            })
            .map(|index| {
                let connection = self.table[index].first();
                let stake = connection.map(|connection: &ConnectionEntry| connection.stake());
                (index, stake)
            })
            .take(sample_size)
            .min_by_key(|&(_, stake)| stake)
            .filter(|&(_, stake)| stake < Some(threshold_stake))
            .and_then(|(index, _)| self.table.swap_remove_index(index))
            .map(|(_, connections)| connections.len())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        self.total_size = self.total_size.saturating_sub(num_pruned);
        num_pruned
    }

    fn try_add_connection(
        &mut self,
        key: ConnectionTableKey,
        port: u16,
        client_connection_tracker: ClientConnectionTracker,
        connection: Option<Connection>,
        peer_type: ConnectionPeerType,
        last_update: u64,
        max_connections_per_peer: usize,
    ) -> Option<(
        Arc<AtomicU64>,
        CancellationToken,
        Arc<ConnectionStreamCounter>,
    )> {
        let connection_entry = self.table.entry(key).or_default();
        let has_connection_capacity = connection_entry
            .len()
            .checked_add(1)
            .map(|c| c <= max_connections_per_peer)
            .unwrap_or(false);
        if has_connection_capacity {
            let cancel = CancellationToken::new();
            let last_update = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(last_update));
            let stream_counter = connection_entry
                .first()
                .map(|entry| entry.stream_counter.clone())
                .unwrap_or(Arc::new(ConnectionStreamCounter::new()));
            connection_entry.push(ConnectionEntry::new(
                cancel.clone(),
                peer_type,
                last_update.clone(),
                port,
                client_connection_tracker,
                connection,
                stream_counter.clone(),
            ));
            self.total_size += 1;
            Some((last_update, cancel, stream_counter))
        } else {
            if let Some(connection) = connection {
                connection.close(
                    CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_TOO_MANY.into(),
                    CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_TOO_MANY,
                );
            }
            None
        }
    }

    // Returns number of connections that were removed
    fn remove_connection(&mut self, key: ConnectionTableKey, port: u16, stable_id: usize) -> usize {
        if let Entry::Occupied(mut e) = self.table.entry(key) {
            let e_ref = e.get_mut();
            let old_size = e_ref.len();

            e_ref.retain(|connection_entry| {
                // Retain the connection entry if the port is different, or if the connection's
                // stable_id doesn't match the provided stable_id.
                // (Some unit tests do not fill in a valid connection in the table. To support that,
                // if the connection is none, the stable_id check is ignored. i.e. if the port matches,
                // the connection gets removed)
                connection_entry.port != port
                    || connection_entry
                        .connection
                        .as_ref()
                        .and_then(|connection| (connection.stable_id() != stable_id).then_some(0))
                        .is_some()
            });
            let new_size = e_ref.len();
            if e_ref.is_empty() {
                e.swap_remove_entry();
            }
            let connections_removed = old_size.saturating_sub(new_size);
            self.total_size = self.total_size.saturating_sub(connections_removed);
            connections_removed
        } else {
            0
        }
    }
}

struct EndpointAccept<'a> {
    endpoint: usize,
    accept: Accept<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Future for EndpointAccept<'a> {
    type Output = (Option<quinn::Incoming>, usize);

    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut std::task::Context) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
        let i = self.endpoint;
        // Safety:
        // self is pinned and accept is a field so it can't get moved out. See safety docs of
        // map_unchecked_mut.
        unsafe { self.map_unchecked_mut(|this| &mut this.accept) }
            .poll(cx)
            .map(|r| (r, i))
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub mod test {
    use {
        super::*,
        crate::{
            nonblocking::{
                quic::compute_max_allowed_uni_streams,
                testing_utilities::{
                    get_client_config, make_client_endpoint, setup_quic_server,
                    SpawnTestServerResult, TestServerConfig,
                },
            },
            quic::{MAX_STAKED_CONNECTIONS, MAX_UNSTAKED_CONNECTIONS},
        },
        assert_matches::assert_matches,
        async_channel::unbounded as async_unbounded,
        crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Receiver},
        quinn::{ApplicationClose, ConnectionError},
        solana_sdk::{net::DEFAULT_TPU_COALESCE, signature::Keypair, signer::Signer},
        std::collections::HashMap,
        tokio::time::sleep,
    };

    pub async fn check_timeout(receiver: Receiver<PacketBatch>, server_address: SocketAddr) {
        let conn1 = make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await;
        let total = 30;
        for i in 0..total {
            let mut s1 = conn1.open_uni().await.unwrap();
            s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap();
            s1.finish().unwrap();
            info!("done {}", i);
            sleep(Duration::from_millis(1000)).await;
        }
        let mut received = 0;
        loop {
            if let Ok(_x) = receiver.try_recv() {
                received += 1;
                info!("got {}", received);
            } else {
                sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
            }
            if received >= total {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    pub async fn check_block_multiple_connections(server_address: SocketAddr) {
        let conn1 = make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await;
        let conn2 = make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await;
        let mut s1 = conn1.open_uni().await.unwrap();
        let s2 = conn2.open_uni().await;
        if let Ok(mut s2) = s2 {
            s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap();
            s1.finish().unwrap();
            // Send enough data to create more than 1 chunks.
            // The first will try to open the connection (which should fail).
            // The following chunks will enable the detection of connection failure.
            let data = vec![1u8; PACKET_DATA_SIZE * 2];
            s2.write_all(&data)
                .await
                .expect_err("shouldn't be able to open 2 connections");
        } else {
            // It has been noticed if there is already connection open against the server, this open_uni can fail
            // with ApplicationClosed(ApplicationClose) error due to CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_TOO_MANY before writing to
            // the stream -- expect it.
            assert_matches!(s2, Err(quinn::ConnectionError::ApplicationClosed(_)));
        }
    }

    pub async fn check_multiple_streams(
        receiver: Receiver<PacketBatch>,
        server_address: SocketAddr,
    ) {
        let conn1 = Arc::new(make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await);
        let conn2 = Arc::new(make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await);
        let mut num_expected_packets = 0;
        for i in 0..10 {
            info!("sending: {}", i);
            let c1 = conn1.clone();
            let c2 = conn2.clone();
            let mut s1 = c1.open_uni().await.unwrap();
            let mut s2 = c2.open_uni().await.unwrap();
            s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap();
            s1.finish().unwrap();
            s2.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap();
            s2.finish().unwrap();
            num_expected_packets += 2;
            sleep(Duration::from_millis(200)).await;
        }
        let mut all_packets = vec![];
        let now = Instant::now();
        let mut total_packets = 0;
        while now.elapsed().as_secs() < 10 {
            if let Ok(packets) = receiver.try_recv() {
                total_packets += packets.len();
                all_packets.push(packets)
            } else {
                sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
            }
            if total_packets == num_expected_packets {
                break;
            }
        }
        for batch in all_packets {
            for p in batch.iter() {
                assert_eq!(p.meta().size, 1);
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(total_packets, num_expected_packets);
    }

    pub async fn check_multiple_writes(
        receiver: Receiver<PacketBatch>,
        server_address: SocketAddr,
        client_keypair: Option<&Keypair>,
    ) {
        let conn1 = Arc::new(make_client_endpoint(&server_address, client_keypair).await);

        // Send a full size packet with single byte writes.
        let num_bytes = PACKET_DATA_SIZE;
        let num_expected_packets = 1;
        let mut s1 = conn1.open_uni().await.unwrap();
        for _ in 0..num_bytes {
            s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap();
        }
        s1.finish().unwrap();

        let mut all_packets = vec![];
        let now = Instant::now();
        let mut total_packets = 0;
        while now.elapsed().as_secs() < 5 {
            // We're running in an async environment, we (almost) never
            // want to block
            if let Ok(packets) = receiver.try_recv() {
                total_packets += packets.len();
                all_packets.push(packets)
            } else {
                sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
            }
            if total_packets >= num_expected_packets {
                break;
            }
        }
        for batch in all_packets {
            for p in batch.iter() {
                assert_eq!(p.meta().size, num_bytes);
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(total_packets, num_expected_packets);
    }

    pub async fn check_unstaked_node_connect_failure(server_address: SocketAddr) {
        let conn1 = Arc::new(make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await);

        // Send a full size packet with single byte writes.
        if let Ok(mut s1) = conn1.open_uni().await {
            for _ in 0..PACKET_DATA_SIZE {
                // Ignoring any errors here. s1.finish() will test the error condition
                s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap_or_default();
            }
            s1.finish().unwrap_or_default();
            s1.stopped().await.unwrap_err();
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_exit() {
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver: _,
            server_address: _,
            stats: _,
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_timeout() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver,
            server_address,
            stats: _,
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());

        check_timeout(receiver, server_address).await;
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_packet_batcher() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let (pkt_batch_sender, pkt_batch_receiver) = unbounded();
        let (ptk_sender, pkt_receiver) = async_unbounded();
        let exit = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let stats = Arc::new(StreamerStats::default());

        let handle = tokio::spawn(packet_batch_sender(
            pkt_batch_sender,
            pkt_receiver,
            exit.clone(),
            stats,
            DEFAULT_TPU_COALESCE,
        ));

        let num_packets = 1000;

        for _i in 0..num_packets {
            let mut meta = Meta::default();
            let bytes = Bytes::from("Hello world");
            let size = bytes.len();
            meta.size = size;
            let packet_accum = PacketAccumulator {
                meta,
                chunks: smallvec::smallvec![bytes],
                start_time: Instant::now(),
            };
            ptk_sender.send(packet_accum).await.unwrap();
        }
        let mut i = 0;
        let start = Instant::now();
        while i < num_packets && start.elapsed().as_secs() < 2 {
            if let Ok(batch) = pkt_batch_receiver.try_recv() {
                i += batch.len();
            } else {
                sleep(Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(i, num_packets);
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        // Explicit drop to wake up packet_batch_sender
        drop(ptk_sender);
        handle.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_stream_timeout() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver: _,
            server_address,
            stats,
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());

        let conn1 = make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await;
        assert_eq!(stats.total_streams.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.total_stream_read_timeouts.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);

        // Send one byte to start the stream
        let mut s1 = conn1.open_uni().await.unwrap();
        s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap_or_default();

        // Wait long enough for the stream to timeout in receiving chunks
        let sleep_time = DEFAULT_WAIT_FOR_CHUNK_TIMEOUT * 2;
        sleep(sleep_time).await;

        // Test that the stream was created, but timed out in read
        assert_eq!(stats.total_streams.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
        assert_ne!(stats.total_stream_read_timeouts.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);

        // Test that more writes to the stream will fail (i.e. the stream is no longer writable
        // after the timeouts)
        assert!(s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.is_err());

        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_block_multiple_connections() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver: _,
            server_address,
            stats: _,
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());
        check_block_multiple_connections(server_address).await;
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_multiple_connections_on_single_client_endpoint() {
        solana_logger::setup();

        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver: _,
            server_address,
            stats,
        } = setup_quic_server(
            None,
            TestServerConfig {
                max_connections_per_peer: 2,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );

        let client_socket = UdpSocket::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
        let mut endpoint = quinn::Endpoint::new(
            EndpointConfig::default(),
            None,
            client_socket,
            Arc::new(TokioRuntime),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let default_keypair = Keypair::new();
        endpoint.set_default_client_config(get_client_config(&default_keypair));
        let conn1 = endpoint
            .connect(server_address, "localhost")
            .expect("Failed in connecting")
            .await
            .expect("Failed in waiting");

        let conn2 = endpoint
            .connect(server_address, "localhost")
            .expect("Failed in connecting")
            .await
            .expect("Failed in waiting");

        let mut s1 = conn1.open_uni().await.unwrap();
        s1.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap();
        s1.finish().unwrap();

        let mut s2 = conn2.open_uni().await.unwrap();
        conn1.close(
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_DROPPED_ENTRY.into(),
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_DROPPED_ENTRY,
        );

        let start = Instant::now();
        while stats.connection_removed.load(Ordering::Relaxed) != 1 {
            debug!("First connection not removed yet");
            sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
        }
        assert!(start.elapsed().as_secs() < 1);

        s2.write_all(&[0u8]).await.unwrap();
        s2.finish().unwrap();

        conn2.close(
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_DROPPED_ENTRY.into(),
            CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_DROPPED_ENTRY,
        );

        let start = Instant::now();
        while stats.connection_removed.load(Ordering::Relaxed) != 2 {
            debug!("Second connection not removed yet");
            sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
        }
        assert!(start.elapsed().as_secs() < 1);

        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_multiple_writes() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver,
            server_address,
            stats: _,
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());
        check_multiple_writes(receiver, server_address, None).await;
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_staked_connection_removal() {
        solana_logger::setup();

        let client_keypair = Keypair::new();
        let stakes = HashMap::from([(client_keypair.pubkey(), 100_000)]);
        let staked_nodes = StakedNodes::new(
            Arc::new(stakes),
            HashMap::<Pubkey, u64>::default(), // overrides
        );
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver,
            server_address,
            stats,
        } = setup_quic_server(Some(staked_nodes), TestServerConfig::default());
        check_multiple_writes(receiver, server_address, Some(&client_keypair)).await;
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
        assert_eq!(
            stats
                .connection_added_from_unstaked_peer
                .load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            0
        );
        assert_eq!(stats.connection_removed.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
        assert_eq!(stats.connection_remove_failed.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_zero_staked_connection_removal() {
        // In this test, the client has a pubkey, but is not in stake table.
        solana_logger::setup();

        let client_keypair = Keypair::new();
        let stakes = HashMap::from([(client_keypair.pubkey(), 0)]);
        let staked_nodes = StakedNodes::new(
            Arc::new(stakes),
            HashMap::<Pubkey, u64>::default(), // overrides
        );
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver,
            server_address,
            stats,
        } = setup_quic_server(Some(staked_nodes), TestServerConfig::default());
        check_multiple_writes(receiver, server_address, Some(&client_keypair)).await;
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
        assert_eq!(
            stats
                .connection_added_from_staked_peer
                .load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            0
        );
        assert_eq!(stats.connection_removed.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
        assert_eq!(stats.connection_remove_failed.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_unstaked_connection_removal() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver,
            server_address,
            stats,
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());
        check_multiple_writes(receiver, server_address, None).await;
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
        assert_eq!(
            stats
                .connection_added_from_staked_peer
                .load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            0
        );
        assert_eq!(stats.connection_removed.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
        assert_eq!(stats.connection_remove_failed.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_unstaked_node_connect_failure() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let s = UdpSocket::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
        let exit = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let (sender, _) = unbounded();
        let keypair = Keypair::new();
        let server_address = s.local_addr().unwrap();
        let staked_nodes = Arc::new(RwLock::new(StakedNodes::default()));
        let SpawnNonBlockingServerResult {
            endpoints: _,
            stats: _,
            thread: t,
            max_concurrent_connections: _,
        } = spawn_server(
            "quic_streamer_test",
            s,
            &keypair,
            sender,
            exit.clone(),
            1,
            staked_nodes,
            MAX_STAKED_CONNECTIONS,
            0, // Do not allow any connection from unstaked clients/nodes
            DEFAULT_MAX_STREAMS_PER_MS,
            DEFAULT_MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_IPADDR_PER_MINUTE,
            DEFAULT_WAIT_FOR_CHUNK_TIMEOUT,
            DEFAULT_TPU_COALESCE,
        )
        .unwrap();

        check_unstaked_node_connect_failure(server_address).await;
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        t.await.unwrap();
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_quic_server_multiple_streams() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let s = UdpSocket::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
        let exit = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let (sender, receiver) = unbounded();
        let keypair = Keypair::new();
        let server_address = s.local_addr().unwrap();
        let staked_nodes = Arc::new(RwLock::new(StakedNodes::default()));
        let SpawnNonBlockingServerResult {
            endpoints: _,
            stats,
            thread: t,
            max_concurrent_connections: _,
        } = spawn_server(
            "quic_streamer_test",
            s,
            &keypair,
            sender,
            exit.clone(),
            2,
            staked_nodes,
            MAX_STAKED_CONNECTIONS,
            MAX_UNSTAKED_CONNECTIONS,
            DEFAULT_MAX_STREAMS_PER_MS,
            DEFAULT_MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_IPADDR_PER_MINUTE,
            DEFAULT_WAIT_FOR_CHUNK_TIMEOUT,
            DEFAULT_TPU_COALESCE,
        )
        .unwrap();

        check_multiple_streams(receiver, server_address).await;
        assert_eq!(stats.total_streams.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.total_new_streams.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 20);
        assert_eq!(stats.total_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2);
        assert_eq!(stats.total_new_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2);
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        t.await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(stats.total_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.total_new_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prune_table_with_ip() {
        use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
        solana_logger::setup();
        let mut table = ConnectionTable::new();
        let mut num_entries = 5;
        let max_connections_per_peer = 10;
        let sockets: Vec<_> = (0..num_entries)
            .map(|i| SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(i, 0, 0, 0)), 0))
            .collect();
        let stats = Arc::new(StreamerStats::default());
        for (i, socket) in sockets.iter().enumerate() {
            table
                .try_add_connection(
                    ConnectionTableKey::IP(socket.ip()),
                    socket.port(),
                    ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                    None,
                    ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                    i as u64,
                    max_connections_per_peer,
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        num_entries += 1;
        table
            .try_add_connection(
                ConnectionTableKey::IP(sockets[0].ip()),
                sockets[0].port(),
                ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                None,
                ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                5,
                max_connections_per_peer,
            )
            .unwrap();

        let new_size = 3;
        let pruned = table.prune_oldest(new_size);
        assert_eq!(pruned, num_entries as usize - new_size);
        for v in table.table.values() {
            for x in v {
                assert!((x.last_update() + 1) >= (num_entries as u64 - new_size as u64));
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(table.table.len(), new_size);
        assert_eq!(table.total_size, new_size);
        for socket in sockets.iter().take(num_entries as usize).skip(new_size - 1) {
            table.remove_connection(ConnectionTableKey::IP(socket.ip()), socket.port(), 0);
        }
        assert_eq!(table.total_size, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prune_table_with_unique_pubkeys() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let mut table = ConnectionTable::new();

        // We should be able to add more entries than max_connections_per_peer, since each entry is
        // from a different peer pubkey.
        let num_entries = 15;
        let max_connections_per_peer = 10;
        let stats = Arc::new(StreamerStats::default());

        let pubkeys: Vec<_> = (0..num_entries).map(|_| Pubkey::new_unique()).collect();
        for (i, pubkey) in pubkeys.iter().enumerate() {
            table
                .try_add_connection(
                    ConnectionTableKey::Pubkey(*pubkey),
                    0,
                    ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                    None,
                    ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                    i as u64,
                    max_connections_per_peer,
                )
                .unwrap();
        }

        let new_size = 3;
        let pruned = table.prune_oldest(new_size);
        assert_eq!(pruned, num_entries as usize - new_size);
        assert_eq!(table.table.len(), new_size);
        assert_eq!(table.total_size, new_size);
        for pubkey in pubkeys.iter().take(num_entries as usize).skip(new_size - 1) {
            table.remove_connection(ConnectionTableKey::Pubkey(*pubkey), 0, 0);
        }
        assert_eq!(table.total_size, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prune_table_with_non_unique_pubkeys() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let mut table = ConnectionTable::new();

        let max_connections_per_peer = 10;
        let pubkey = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let stats: Arc<StreamerStats> = Arc::new(StreamerStats::default());

        (0..max_connections_per_peer).for_each(|i| {
            table
                .try_add_connection(
                    ConnectionTableKey::Pubkey(pubkey),
                    0,
                    ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                    None,
                    ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                    i as u64,
                    max_connections_per_peer,
                )
                .unwrap();
        });

        // We should NOT be able to add more entries than max_connections_per_peer, since we are
        // using the same peer pubkey.
        assert!(table
            .try_add_connection(
                ConnectionTableKey::Pubkey(pubkey),
                0,
                ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                None,
                ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                10,
                max_connections_per_peer,
            )
            .is_none());

        // We should be able to add an entry from another peer pubkey
        let num_entries = max_connections_per_peer + 1;
        let pubkey2 = Pubkey::new_unique();
        assert!(table
            .try_add_connection(
                ConnectionTableKey::Pubkey(pubkey2),
                0,
                ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                None,
                ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                10,
                max_connections_per_peer,
            )
            .is_some());

        assert_eq!(table.total_size, num_entries);

        let new_max_size = 3;
        let pruned = table.prune_oldest(new_max_size);
        assert!(pruned >= num_entries - new_max_size);
        assert!(table.table.len() <= new_max_size);
        assert!(table.total_size <= new_max_size);

        table.remove_connection(ConnectionTableKey::Pubkey(pubkey2), 0, 0);
        assert_eq!(table.total_size, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prune_table_random() {
        use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
        solana_logger::setup();
        let mut table = ConnectionTable::new();
        let num_entries = 5;
        let max_connections_per_peer = 10;
        let sockets: Vec<_> = (0..num_entries)
            .map(|i| SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(i, 0, 0, 0)), 0))
            .collect();
        let stats: Arc<StreamerStats> = Arc::new(StreamerStats::default());

        for (i, socket) in sockets.iter().enumerate() {
            table
                .try_add_connection(
                    ConnectionTableKey::IP(socket.ip()),
                    socket.port(),
                    ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                    None,
                    ConnectionPeerType::Staked((i + 1) as u64),
                    i as u64,
                    max_connections_per_peer,
                )
                .unwrap();
        }

        // Try pruninng with threshold stake less than all the entries in the table
        // It should fail to prune (i.e. return 0 number of pruned entries)
        let pruned = table.prune_random(/*sample_size:*/ 2, /*threshold_stake:*/ 0);
        assert_eq!(pruned, 0);

        // Try pruninng with threshold stake higher than all the entries in the table
        // It should succeed to prune (i.e. return 1 number of pruned entries)
        let pruned = table.prune_random(
            2,                      // sample_size
            num_entries as u64 + 1, // threshold_stake
        );
        assert_eq!(pruned, 1);
        // We had 5 connections and pruned 1, we should have 4 left
        assert_eq!(stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_remove_connections() {
        use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
        solana_logger::setup();
        let mut table = ConnectionTable::new();
        let num_ips = 5;
        let max_connections_per_peer = 10;
        let mut sockets: Vec<_> = (0..num_ips)
            .map(|i| SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(i, 0, 0, 0)), 0))
            .collect();
        let stats: Arc<StreamerStats> = Arc::new(StreamerStats::default());

        for (i, socket) in sockets.iter().enumerate() {
            table
                .try_add_connection(
                    ConnectionTableKey::IP(socket.ip()),
                    socket.port(),
                    ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                    None,
                    ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                    (i * 2) as u64,
                    max_connections_per_peer,
                )
                .unwrap();

            table
                .try_add_connection(
                    ConnectionTableKey::IP(socket.ip()),
                    socket.port(),
                    ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                    None,
                    ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                    (i * 2 + 1) as u64,
                    max_connections_per_peer,
                )
                .unwrap();
        }

        let single_connection_addr =
            SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(num_ips, 0, 0, 0)), 0);
        table
            .try_add_connection(
                ConnectionTableKey::IP(single_connection_addr.ip()),
                single_connection_addr.port(),
                ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1000).unwrap(),
                None,
                ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked,
                (num_ips * 2) as u64,
                max_connections_per_peer,
            )
            .unwrap();

        let zero_connection_addr =
            SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(num_ips + 1, 0, 0, 0)), 0);

        sockets.push(single_connection_addr);
        sockets.push(zero_connection_addr);

        for socket in sockets.iter() {
            table.remove_connection(ConnectionTableKey::IP(socket.ip()), socket.port(), 0);
        }
        assert_eq!(table.total_size, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[test]

    fn test_max_allowed_uni_streams() {
        assert_eq!(
            compute_max_allowed_uni_streams(ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked, 0),
            QUIC_MAX_UNSTAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS
        );
        assert_eq!(
            compute_max_allowed_uni_streams(ConnectionPeerType::Staked(10), 0),
            QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS
        );
        let delta =
            (QUIC_TOTAL_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS - QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS) as f64;
        assert_eq!(
            compute_max_allowed_uni_streams(ConnectionPeerType::Staked(1000), 10000),
            QUIC_MAX_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            compute_max_allowed_uni_streams(ConnectionPeerType::Staked(100), 10000),
            ((delta / (100_f64)) as usize + QUIC_MIN_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS)
                .min(QUIC_MAX_STAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            compute_max_allowed_uni_streams(ConnectionPeerType::Unstaked, 10000),
            QUIC_MAX_UNSTAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cacluate_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node() {
        let mut max_stake = 10000;
        let mut min_stake = 0;
        let ratio = compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake, min_stake, min_stake);
        assert_eq!(ratio, QUIC_MIN_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO);

        let ratio = compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake, min_stake, max_stake);
        let max_ratio = QUIC_MAX_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO;
        assert_eq!(ratio, max_ratio);

        let ratio =
            compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake, min_stake, max_stake / 2);
        let average_ratio =
            (QUIC_MAX_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO + QUIC_MIN_STAKED_RECEIVE_WINDOW_RATIO) / 2;
        assert_eq!(ratio, average_ratio);

        max_stake = 10000;
        min_stake = 10000;
        let ratio = compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake, min_stake, max_stake);
        assert_eq!(ratio, max_ratio);

        max_stake = 0;
        min_stake = 0;
        let ratio = compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake, min_stake, max_stake);
        assert_eq!(ratio, max_ratio);

        max_stake = 1000;
        min_stake = 10;
        let ratio =
            compute_receive_window_ratio_for_staked_node(max_stake, min_stake, max_stake + 10);
        assert_eq!(ratio, max_ratio);
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_throttling_check_no_packet_drop() {
        solana_logger::setup_with_default_filter();

        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            exit,
            receiver,
            server_address,
            stats,
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());

        let client_connection = make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await;

        // unstaked connection can handle up to 100tps, so we should send in ~1s.
        let expected_num_txs = 100;
        let start_time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        for i in 0..expected_num_txs {
            let mut send_stream = client_connection.open_uni().await.unwrap();
            let data = format!("{i}").into_bytes();
            send_stream.write_all(&data).await.unwrap();
            send_stream.finish().unwrap();
        }
        let elapsed_sending: f64 = start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
        info!("Elapsed sending: {elapsed_sending}");

        // check that delivered all of them
        let start_time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        let mut num_txs_received = 0;
        while num_txs_received < expected_num_txs && start_time.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(2) {
            if let Ok(packets) = receiver.try_recv() {
                num_txs_received += packets.len();
            } else {
                sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(expected_num_txs, num_txs_received);

        // stop it
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            stats.total_new_streams.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            expected_num_txs
        );
        assert!(stats.throttled_unstaked_streams.load(Ordering::Relaxed) > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_client_connection_tracker() {
        let stats = Arc::new(StreamerStats::default());
        let tracker_1 = ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1);
        assert!(tracker_1.is_ok());
        assert!(ClientConnectionTracker::new(stats.clone(), 1).is_err());
        assert_eq!(stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
        // dropping the connection, concurrent connections should become 0
        drop(tracker_1);
        assert_eq!(stats.open_connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    }

    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
    async fn test_client_connection_close_invalid_stream() {
        let SpawnTestServerResult {
            join_handle,
            server_address,
            stats,
            exit,
            ..
        } = setup_quic_server(None, TestServerConfig::default());

        let client_connection = make_client_endpoint(&server_address, None).await;

        let mut send_stream = client_connection.open_uni().await.unwrap();
        send_stream
            .write_all(&[42; PACKET_DATA_SIZE + 1])
            .await
            .unwrap();
        match client_connection.closed().await {
            ConnectionError::ApplicationClosed(ApplicationClose { error_code, reason }) => {
                assert_eq!(error_code, CONNECTION_CLOSE_CODE_INVALID_STREAM.into());
                assert_eq!(reason, CONNECTION_CLOSE_REASON_INVALID_STREAM);
            }
            _ => panic!("unexpected close"),
        }
        assert_eq!(stats.invalid_stream_size.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
        exit.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        join_handle.await.unwrap();
    }
}