tokio_threadpool/worker/

mod.rs

mod entry;
mod stack;
mod state;

pub(crate) use self::entry::WorkerEntry as Entry;
pub(crate) use self::stack::Stack;
pub(crate) use self::state::{Lifecycle, State};

use notifier::Notifier;
use pool::{self, BackupId, Pool};
use sender::Sender;
use shutdown::ShutdownTrigger;
use task::{self, CanBlock, Task};

use tokio_executor;

use futures::{Async, Poll};

use std::cell::Cell;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::{AcqRel, Acquire};
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::thread;
use std::time::Duration;

/// Thread worker
///
/// This is passed to the [`around_worker`] callback set on [`Builder`]. This
/// callback is only expected to call [`run`] on it.
///
/// [`Builder`]: struct.Builder.html
/// [`around_worker`]: struct.Builder.html#method.around_worker
/// [`run`]: struct.Worker.html#method.run
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Worker {
    // Shared scheduler data
    pub(crate) pool: Arc<Pool>,

    // WorkerEntry index
    pub(crate) id: WorkerId,

    // Backup thread ID assigned to processing this worker.
    backup_id: BackupId,

    // Set to the task that is currently being polled by the worker. This is
    // needed so that `blocking` blocks are able to interact with this task.
    //
    // This has to be a raw pointer to make it compile, but great care is taken
    // when this is set.
    current_task: CurrentTask,

    // Set when the thread is in blocking mode.
    is_blocking: Cell<bool>,

    // Set when the worker should finalize on drop
    should_finalize: Cell<bool>,

    // Completes the shutdown process when the `ThreadPool` and all `Worker`s get dropped.
    trigger: Arc<ShutdownTrigger>,

    // Keep the value on the current thread.
    _p: PhantomData<Rc<()>>,
}

/// Tracks the state related to the currently running task.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct CurrentTask {
    /// This has to be a raw pointer to make it compile, but great care is taken
    /// when this is set.
    task: Cell<Option<*const Arc<Task>>>,

    /// Tracks the blocking capacity allocation state.
    can_block: Cell<CanBlock>,
}

/// Identifies a thread pool worker.
///
/// This identifier is unique scoped by the thread pool. It is possible that
/// different thread pool instances share worker identifier values.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct WorkerId(pub(crate) usize);

// Pointer to the current worker info
thread_local!(static CURRENT_WORKER: Cell<*const Worker> = Cell::new(0 as *const _));

impl Worker {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        id: WorkerId,
        backup_id: BackupId,
        pool: Arc<Pool>,
        trigger: Arc<ShutdownTrigger>,
    ) -> Worker {
        Worker {
            pool,
            id,
            backup_id,
            current_task: CurrentTask::new(),
            is_blocking: Cell::new(false),
            should_finalize: Cell::new(false),
            trigger,
            _p: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_blocking(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_blocking.get()
    }

    /// Run the worker
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if the thread should keep running as a `backup` thread.
    pub(crate) fn do_run(&self) -> bool {
        // Create another worker... It's ok, this is just a new type around
        // `Pool` that is expected to stay on the current thread.
        CURRENT_WORKER.with(|c| {
            c.set(self as *const _);

            let pool = self.pool.clone();
            let mut sender = Sender { pool };

            // Enter an execution context
            let mut enter = tokio_executor::enter().unwrap();

            tokio_executor::with_default(&mut sender, &mut enter, |enter| {
                if let Some(ref callback) = self.pool.config.around_worker {
                    callback.call(self, enter);
                } else {
                    self.run();
                }
            });
        });

        // Can't be in blocking mode and finalization mode
        debug_assert!(!self.is_blocking.get() || !self.should_finalize.get());

        self.is_blocking.get()
    }

    pub(crate) fn with_current<F: FnOnce(Option<&Worker>) -> R, R>(f: F) -> R {
        CURRENT_WORKER.with(move |c| {
            let ptr = c.get();

            if ptr.is_null() {
                f(None)
            } else {
                f(Some(unsafe { &*ptr }))
            }
        })
    }

    /// Transition the current worker to a blocking worker
    pub(crate) fn transition_to_blocking(&self) -> Poll<(), ::BlockingError> {
        use self::CanBlock::*;

        // If we get this far, then `current_task` has been set.
        let task_ref = self.current_task.get_ref();

        // First step is to acquire blocking capacity for the task.
        match self.current_task.can_block() {
            // Capacity to block has already been allocated to this task.
            Allocated => {}

            // The task has already requested capacity to block, but there is
            // none yet available.
            NoCapacity => return Ok(Async::NotReady),

            // The task has yet to ask for capacity
            CanRequest => {
                // Atomically attempt to acquire blocking capacity, and if none
                // is available, register the task to be notified once capacity
                // becomes available.
                match self.pool.poll_blocking_capacity(task_ref)? {
                    Async::Ready(()) => {
                        self.current_task.set_can_block(Allocated);
                    }
                    Async::NotReady => {
                        self.current_task.set_can_block(NoCapacity);
                        return Ok(Async::NotReady);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // The task has been allocated blocking capacity. At this point, this is
        // when the current thread transitions from a worker to a backup thread.
        // To do so requires handing over the worker to another backup thread.

        if self.is_blocking.get() {
            // The thread is already in blocking mode, so there is nothing else
            // to do. Return `Ready` and allow the caller to block the thread.
            return Ok(().into());
        }

        trace!("transition to blocking state");

        // Transitioning to blocking requires handing over the worker state to
        // another thread so that the work queue can continue to be processed.

        self.pool.spawn_thread(self.id.clone(), &self.pool);

        // Track that the thread has now fully entered the blocking state.
        self.is_blocking.set(true);

        Ok(().into())
    }

    /// Transition from blocking
    pub(crate) fn transition_from_blocking(&self) {
        // TODO: Attempt to take ownership of the worker again.
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the worker's identifier.
    ///
    /// This identifier is unique scoped by the thread pool. It is possible that
    /// different thread pool instances share worker identifier values.
    pub fn id(&self) -> &WorkerId {
        &self.id
    }

    /// Run the worker
    ///
    /// This function blocks until the worker is shutting down.
    pub fn run(&self) {
        const MAX_SPINS: usize = 3;
        const LIGHT_SLEEP_INTERVAL: usize = 32;

        // Get the notifier.
        let notify = Arc::new(Notifier {
            pool: self.pool.clone(),
        });

        let mut first = true;
        let mut spin_cnt = 0;
        let mut tick = 0;

        while self.check_run_state(first) {
            first = false;

            // Run the next available task
            if self.try_run_task(&notify) {
                if self.is_blocking.get() {
                    // Exit out of the run state
                    return;
                }

                // Poll the reactor and the global queue every now and then to
                // ensure no task gets left behind.
                if tick % LIGHT_SLEEP_INTERVAL == 0 {
                    self.sleep_light();
                }

                tick = tick.wrapping_add(1);
                spin_cnt = 0;

                // As long as there is work, keep looping.
                continue;
            }

            spin_cnt += 1;

            // Yield the thread several times before it actually goes to sleep.
            if spin_cnt <= MAX_SPINS {
                thread::yield_now();
                continue;
            }

            tick = 0;
            spin_cnt = 0;

            // Starting to get sleeeeepy
            if !self.sleep() {
                return;
            }

            // If there still isn't any work to do, shutdown the worker?
        }

        // The pool is terminating. However, transitioning the pool state to
        // terminated is the very first step of the finalization process. Other
        // threads may not see this state and try to spawn a new thread. To
        // ensure consistency, before the current thread shuts down, it must
        // return the backup token to the stack.
        //
        // The returned result is ignored because `Err` represents the pool
        // shutting down. We are currently aware of this fact.
        let _ = self.pool.release_backup(self.backup_id);

        self.should_finalize.set(true);
    }

    /// Try to run a task
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if work was found.
    #[inline]
    fn try_run_task(&self, notify: &Arc<Notifier>) -> bool {
        if self.try_run_owned_task(notify) {
            return true;
        }

        self.try_steal_task(notify)
    }

    /// Checks the worker's current state, updating it as needed.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if the worker should run.
    #[inline]
    fn check_run_state(&self, first: bool) -> bool {
        use self::Lifecycle::*;

        debug_assert!(!self.is_blocking.get());

        let mut state: State = self.entry().state.load(Acquire).into();

        loop {
            let pool_state: pool::State = self.pool.state.load(Acquire).into();

            if pool_state.is_terminated() {
                return false;
            }

            let mut next = state;

            match state.lifecycle() {
                Running => break,
                Notified | Signaled => {
                    // transition back to running
                    next.set_lifecycle(Running);
                }
                Shutdown | Sleeping => {
                    // The worker should never be in these states when calling
                    // this function.
                    panic!("unexpected worker state; lifecycle={:?}", state.lifecycle());
                }
            }

            let actual = self
                .entry()
                .state
                .compare_and_swap(state.into(), next.into(), AcqRel)
                .into();

            if actual == state {
                break;
            }

            state = actual;
        }

        // `first` is set to true the first time this function is called after
        // the thread has started.
        //
        // This check is to handle the scenario where a worker gets signaled
        // while it is already happily running. The `is_signaled` state is
        // intended to wake up a worker that has been previously sleeping in
        // effect increasing the number of active workers. If this is the first
        // time `check_run_state` is called, then being in a signalled state is
        // normal and the thread was started to handle it.  However, if this is
        // **not** the first time the fn was called, then the number of active
        // workers has not been increased by the signal, so `signal_work` has to
        // be called again to try to wake up another worker.
        //
        // For example, if the thread pool is configured to allow 4 workers.
        // Worker 1 is processing tasks from its `deque`. Worker 2 receives its
        // first task. Worker 2 will pick a random worker to signal. It does
        // this by popping off the sleep stack, but there is no guarantee that
        // workers on the sleep stack are actually sleeping. It is possible that
        // Worker 1 gets signaled.
        //
        // Without this check, in the above case, no additional workers will get
        // started, which results in the thread pool permanently being at 2
        // workers even though it should reach 4.
        if !first && state.is_signaled() {
            trace!("Worker::check_run_state; delegate signal");
            // This worker is not ready to be signaled, so delegate the signal
            // to another worker.
            self.pool.signal_work(&self.pool);
        }

        true
    }

    /// Runs the next task on this worker's queue.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if work was found.
    fn try_run_owned_task(&self, notify: &Arc<Notifier>) -> bool {
        // Poll the internal queue for a task to run
        match self.entry().pop_task() {
            Some(task) => {
                self.run_task(task, notify);
                true
            }
            None => false,
        }
    }

    /// Tries to steal a task from another worker.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if work was found
    fn try_steal_task(&self, notify: &Arc<Notifier>) -> bool {
        use crossbeam_deque::Steal;

        debug_assert!(!self.is_blocking.get());

        let len = self.pool.workers.len();
        let mut idx = self.pool.rand_usize() % len;
        let mut found_work = false;
        let start = idx;

        loop {
            if idx < len {
                match self.pool.workers[idx].steal_tasks(self.entry()) {
                    Steal::Success(task) => {
                        trace!("stole task from another worker");

                        self.run_task(task, notify);

                        trace!(
                            "try_steal_task -- signal_work; self={}; from={}",
                            self.id.0,
                            idx
                        );

                        // Signal other workers that work is available
                        //
                        // TODO: Should this be called here or before
                        // `run_task`?
                        self.pool.signal_work(&self.pool);

                        return true;
                    }
                    Steal::Empty => {}
                    Steal::Retry => found_work = true,
                }

                idx += 1;
            } else {
                idx = 0;
            }

            if idx == start {
                break;
            }
        }

        found_work
    }

    fn run_task(&self, task: Arc<Task>, notify: &Arc<Notifier>) {
        use task::Run::*;

        // If this is the first time this task is being polled, register it so that we can keep
        // track of tasks that are in progress.
        if task.reg_worker.get().is_none() {
            task.reg_worker.set(Some(self.id.0 as u32));
            self.entry().register_task(&task);
        }

        let run = self.run_task2(&task, notify);

        // TODO: Try to claim back the worker state in case the backup thread
        // did not start up fast enough. This is a performance optimization.

        match run {
            Idle => {}
            Schedule => {
                if self.is_blocking.get() {
                    // The future has been notified while it was running.
                    // However, the future also entered a blocking section,
                    // which released the worker state from this thread.
                    //
                    // This means that scheduling the future must be done from
                    // a point of view external to the worker set.
                    //
                    // We have to call `submit_external` instead of `submit`
                    // here because `self` is still set as the current worker.
                    self.pool.submit_external(task, &self.pool);
                } else {
                    self.entry().push_internal(task);
                }
            }
            Complete => {
                let mut state: pool::State = self.pool.state.load(Acquire).into();

                loop {
                    let mut next = state;
                    next.dec_num_futures();

                    let actual = self
                        .pool
                        .state
                        .compare_and_swap(state.into(), next.into(), AcqRel)
                        .into();

                    if actual == state {
                        trace!("task complete; state={:?}", next);

                        if state.num_futures() == 1 {
                            // If the thread pool has been flagged as shutdown,
                            // start terminating workers. This involves waking
                            // up any sleeping worker so that they can notice
                            // the shutdown state.
                            if next.is_terminated() {
                                self.pool.terminate_sleeping_workers();
                            }
                        }

                        // Find which worker polled this task first.
                        let worker = task.reg_worker.get().unwrap() as usize;

                        // Unregister the task from the worker it was registered in.
                        if !self.is_blocking.get() && worker == self.id.0 {
                            self.entry().unregister_task(task);
                        } else {
                            self.pool.workers[worker].remotely_complete_task(task);
                        }

                        // The worker's run loop will detect the shutdown state
                        // next iteration.
                        return;
                    }

                    state = actual;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Actually run the task. This is where `Worker::current_task` is set.
    ///
    /// Great care is needed to ensure that `current_task` is unset in this
    /// function.
    fn run_task2(&self, task: &Arc<Task>, notify: &Arc<Notifier>) -> task::Run {
        struct Guard<'a> {
            worker: &'a Worker,
        }

        impl<'a> Drop for Guard<'a> {
            fn drop(&mut self) {
                // A task is allocated at run when it was explicitly notified
                // that the task has capacity to block. When this happens, that
                // capacity is automatically allocated to the notified task.
                // This capacity is "use it or lose it", so if the thread is not
                // transitioned to blocking in this call, then another task has
                // to be notified.
                //
                // If the task has consumed its blocking allocation but hasn't
                // used it, it must be given to some other task instead.
                if !self.worker.is_blocking.get() {
                    let can_block = self.worker.current_task.can_block();
                    if can_block == CanBlock::Allocated {
                        self.worker.pool.notify_blocking_task(&self.worker.pool);
                    }
                }

                self.worker.current_task.clear();
            }
        }

        // Set `current_task`
        self.current_task.set(task, CanBlock::CanRequest);

        // Create the guard, this ensures that `current_task` is unset when the
        // function returns, even if the return is caused by a panic.
        let _g = Guard { worker: self };

        task.run(notify)
    }

    /// Put the worker to sleep
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if woken up due to new work arriving.
    fn sleep(&self) -> bool {
        use self::Lifecycle::*;

        // Putting a worker to sleep is a multipart operation. This is, in part,
        // due to the fact that a worker can be notified without it being popped
        // from the sleep stack. Extra care is needed to deal with this.

        trace!("Worker::sleep; worker={:?}", self.id);

        let mut state: State = self.entry().state.load(Acquire).into();

        // The first part of the sleep process is to transition the worker state
        // to "pushed". Now, it may be that the worker is already pushed on the
        // sleeper stack, in which case, we don't push again.

        loop {
            let mut next = state;

            match state.lifecycle() {
                Running => {
                    // Try setting the pushed state
                    next.set_pushed();

                    // Transition the worker state to sleeping
                    next.set_lifecycle(Sleeping);
                }
                Notified | Signaled => {
                    // No need to sleep, transition back to running and move on.
                    next.set_lifecycle(Running);
                }
                Shutdown | Sleeping => {
                    // The worker cannot transition to sleep when already in a
                    // sleeping state.
                    panic!("unexpected worker state; actual={:?}", state.lifecycle());
                }
            }

            let actual = self
                .entry()
                .state
                .compare_and_swap(state.into(), next.into(), AcqRel)
                .into();

            if actual == state {
                if state.is_notified() {
                    // The previous state was notified, so we don't need to
                    // sleep.
                    return true;
                }

                if !state.is_pushed() {
                    debug_assert!(next.is_pushed());

                    trace!("  sleeping -- push to stack; idx={}", self.id.0);

                    // We obtained permission to push the worker into the
                    // sleeper queue.
                    if let Err(_) = self.pool.push_sleeper(self.id.0) {
                        trace!("  sleeping -- push to stack failed; idx={}", self.id.0);
                        // The push failed due to the pool being terminated.
                        //
                        // This is true because the "work" being woken up for is
                        // shutting down.
                        return true;
                    }
                }

                break;
            }

            state = actual;
        }

        trace!("    -> starting to sleep; idx={}", self.id.0);

        // Do a quick check to see if there are any notifications in the
        // reactor or new tasks in the global queue. Since this call will
        // clear the wakeup token, we need to check the state again and
        // only after that go to sleep.
        self.sleep_light();

        // The state has been transitioned to sleeping, we can now wait by
        // calling the parker. This is done in a loop as condvars can wakeup
        // spuriously.
        loop {
            // Reload the state
            state = self.entry().state.load(Acquire).into();

            // If the worker has been notified, transition back to running.
            match state.lifecycle() {
                Sleeping => {
                    // Still sleeping. Park again.
                }
                Notified | Signaled => {
                    // Transition back to running
                    loop {
                        let mut next = state;
                        next.set_lifecycle(Running);

                        let actual = self
                            .entry()
                            .state
                            .compare_and_swap(state.into(), next.into(), AcqRel)
                            .into();

                        if actual == state {
                            return true;
                        }

                        state = actual;
                    }
                }
                Shutdown | Running => {
                    // To get here, the block above transitioned the state to
                    // `Sleeping`. No other thread can concurrently
                    // transition to `Shutdown` or `Running`.
                    unreachable!();
                }
            }

            self.entry().park();

            trace!("    -> wakeup; idx={}", self.id.0);
        }
    }

    /// This doesn't actually put the thread to sleep. It calls
    /// `park.park_timeout` with a duration of 0. This allows the park
    /// implementation to perform any work that might be done on an interval.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if this worker has tasks in its queue.
    fn sleep_light(&self) {
        self.entry().park_timeout(Duration::from_millis(0));

        use crossbeam_deque::Steal;
        loop {
            match self.pool.queue.steal_batch(&self.entry().worker) {
                Steal::Success(()) => {
                    self.pool.signal_work(&self.pool);
                    break;
                }
                Steal::Empty => break,
                Steal::Retry => {}
            }
        }
    }

    fn entry(&self) -> &Entry {
        debug_assert!(!self.is_blocking.get());
        &self.pool.workers[self.id.0]
    }
}

impl Drop for Worker {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        trace!("shutting down thread; idx={}", self.id.0);

        if self.should_finalize.get() {
            // Drain the work queue
            self.entry().drain_tasks();
        }
    }
}

// ===== impl CurrentTask =====

impl CurrentTask {
    /// Returns a default `CurrentTask` representing no task.
    fn new() -> CurrentTask {
        CurrentTask {
            task: Cell::new(None),
            can_block: Cell::new(CanBlock::CanRequest),
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the task.
    fn get_ref(&self) -> &Arc<Task> {
        unsafe { &*self.task.get().unwrap() }
    }

    fn can_block(&self) -> CanBlock {
        use self::CanBlock::*;

        match self.can_block.get() {
            Allocated => Allocated,
            CanRequest | NoCapacity => {
                let can_block = self.get_ref().consume_blocking_allocation();
                self.can_block.set(can_block);
                can_block
            }
        }
    }

    fn set_can_block(&self, can_block: CanBlock) {
        self.can_block.set(can_block);
    }

    fn set(&self, task: &Arc<Task>, can_block: CanBlock) {
        self.task.set(Some(task as *const _));
        self.can_block.set(can_block);
    }

    /// Reset the `CurrentTask` to null state.
    fn clear(&self) {
        self.task.set(None);
        self.can_block.set(CanBlock::CanRequest);
    }
}

// ===== impl WorkerId =====

impl WorkerId {
    /// Returns a `WorkerId` representing the worker entry at index `idx`.
    pub(crate) fn new(idx: usize) -> WorkerId {
        WorkerId(idx)
    }

    /// Returns this identifier represented as an integer.
    ///
    /// Worker identifiers in a single thread pool are guaranteed to correspond to integers in the
    /// range `0..pool_size`.
    pub fn to_usize(&self) -> usize {
        self.0
    }
}