wasm_bindgen_test/rt/mod.rs
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//! Internal-only runtime module used for the `wasm_bindgen_test` crate.
//!
//! No API contained in this module will respect semver, these should all be
//! considered private APIs.
// # Architecture of `wasm_bindgen_test`
//
// This module can seem a bit funky, but it's intended to be the runtime support
// of the `#[wasm_bindgen_test]` macro and be amenable to executing Wasm test
// suites. The general idea is that for a Wasm test binary there will be a set
// of functions tagged `#[wasm_bindgen_test]`. It's the job of the runtime
// support to execute all of these functions, collecting and collating the
// results.
//
// This runtime support works in tandem with the `wasm-bindgen-test-runner`
// binary as part of the `wasm-bindgen-cli` package.
//
// ## High Level Overview
//
// Here's a rough and (semi) high level overview of what happens when this crate
// runs.
//
// * First, the user runs `cargo test --target wasm32-unknown-unknown`
//
// * Cargo then compiles all the test suites (aka `tests/*.rs`) as Wasm binaries
// (the `bin` crate type). These binaries all have entry points that are
// `main` functions, but it's actually not used. The binaries are also
// compiled with `--test`, which means they're linked to the standard `test`
// crate, but this crate doesn't work on Wasm and so we bypass it entirely.
//
// * Instead of using `#[test]`, which doesn't work, users wrote tests with
// `#[wasm_bindgen_test]`. This macro expands to a bunch of `#[no_mangle]`
// functions with known names (currently named `__wbg_test_*`).
//
// * Next up, Cargo was configured via its test runner support to execute the
// `wasm-bindgen-test-runner` binary. Instead of what Cargo normally does,
// executing `target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/deps/foo-xxxxx.wasm` (which
// will fail as we can't actually execute was binaries), Cargo will execute
// `wasm-bindgen-test-runner target/.../foo-xxxxx.wasm`.
//
// * The `wasm-bindgen-test-runner` binary takes over. It runs `wasm-bindgen`
// over the binary, generating JS bindings and such. It also figures out if
// we're running in node.js or a browser.
//
// * The `wasm-bindgen-test-runner` binary generates a JS entry point. This
// entry point creates a `Context` below. The runner binary also parses the
// Wasm file and finds all functions that are named `__wbg_test_*`. The
// generate file gathers up all these functions into an array and then passes
// them to `Context` below. Note that these functions are passed as *JS
// values*.
//
// * Somehow, the runner then executes the JS file. This may be with node.js, it
// may serve up files in a server and wait for the user, or it serves up files
// in a server and starts headless testing.
//
// * Testing starts, it loads all the modules using either ES imports or Node
// `require` statements. Everything is loaded in JS now.
//
// * A `Context` is created. The `Context` is forwarded the CLI arguments of the
// original `wasm-bindgen-test-runner` in an environment specific fashion.
// This is used for test filters today.
//
// * The `Context::run` function is called. Again, the generated JS has gathered
// all Wasm tests to be executed into a list, and it's passed in here.
//
// * Next, `Context::run` returns a `Promise` representing the eventual
// execution of all the tests. The Rust `Future` that's returned will work
// with the tests to ensure that everything's executed by the time the
// `Promise` resolves.
//
// * When a test executes, it's executing an entry point generated by
// `#[wasm_bindgen_test]`. The test informs the `Context` of its name and
// other metadata, and then `Context::execute_*` function creates a future
// representing the execution of the test. This feeds back into the future
// returned by `Context::run` to finish the test suite.
//
// * Finally, after all tests are run, the `Context`'s future resolves, prints
// out all the result, and finishes in JS.
//
// ## Other various notes
//
// Phew, that was a lot! Some other various bits and pieces you may want to be
// aware of are throughout the code. These include things like how printing
// results is different in node vs a browser, or how we even detect if we're in
// node or a browser.
//
// Overall this is all somewhat in flux as it's pretty new, and feedback is
// always of course welcome!
use alloc::borrow::ToOwned;
use alloc::boxed::Box;
use alloc::format;
use alloc::rc::Rc;
use alloc::string::{String, ToString};
use alloc::vec::Vec;
use core::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
use core::fmt::{self, Display};
use core::future::Future;
use core::pin::Pin;
use core::task::{self, Poll};
use js_sys::{Array, Function, Promise};
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
use wasm_bindgen_futures::future_to_promise;
// Maximum number of tests to execute concurrently. Eventually this should be a
// configuration option specified at runtime or at compile time rather than
// baked in here.
//
// Currently the default is 1 because the DOM has a lot of shared state, and
// conccurrently doing things by default would likely end up in a bad situation.
const CONCURRENCY: usize = 1;
pub mod browser;
pub mod detect;
pub mod node;
#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
mod scoped_tls;
pub mod worker;
/// Runtime test harness support instantiated in JS.
///
/// The node.js entry script instantiates a `Context` here which is used to
/// drive test execution.
#[wasm_bindgen(js_name = WasmBindgenTestContext)]
pub struct Context {
state: Rc<State>,
}
struct State {
/// An optional filter used to restrict which tests are actually executed
/// and which are ignored. This is passed via the `args` function which
/// comes from the command line of `wasm-bindgen-test-runner`. Currently
/// this is the only "CLI option"
filter: RefCell<Option<String>>,
/// Include ignored tests.
include_ignored: Cell<bool>,
/// Tests to skip.
skip: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
/// Counter of the number of tests that have succeeded.
succeeded: Cell<usize>,
/// Counter of the number of tests that have been filtered
filtered: Cell<usize>,
/// Counter of the number of tests that have been ignored
ignored: Cell<usize>,
/// A list of all tests which have failed.
///
/// Each test listed here is paired with a `JsValue` that represents the
/// exception thrown which caused the test to fail.
failures: RefCell<Vec<(Test, Failure)>>,
/// Remaining tests to execute, when empty we're just waiting on the
/// `Running` tests to finish.
remaining: RefCell<Vec<Test>>,
/// List of currently executing tests. These tests all involve some level
/// of asynchronous work, so they're sitting on the running list.
running: RefCell<Vec<Test>>,
/// How to actually format output, either node.js or browser-specific
/// implementation.
formatter: Box<dyn Formatter>,
}
/// Failure reasons.
enum Failure {
/// Normal failing test.
Error(JsValue),
/// A test that `should_panic` but didn't.
ShouldPanic,
/// A test that `should_panic` with a specific message,
/// but panicked with a different message.
ShouldPanicExpected,
}
/// Representation of one test that needs to be executed.
///
/// Tests are all represented as futures, and tests perform no work until their
/// future is polled.
struct Test {
name: String,
future: Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), JsValue>>>>,
output: Rc<RefCell<Output>>,
should_panic: Option<Option<&'static str>>,
}
/// Captured output of each test.
#[derive(Default)]
struct Output {
debug: String,
log: String,
info: String,
warn: String,
error: String,
panic: String,
should_panic: bool,
}
enum TestResult {
Ok,
Err(JsValue),
Ignored(Option<String>),
}
impl From<Result<(), JsValue>> for TestResult {
fn from(value: Result<(), JsValue>) -> Self {
match value {
Ok(()) => Self::Ok,
Err(err) => Self::Err(err),
}
}
}
impl Display for TestResult {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
match self {
TestResult::Ok => write!(f, "ok"),
TestResult::Err(_) => write!(f, "FAIL"),
TestResult::Ignored(None) => write!(f, "ignored"),
TestResult::Ignored(Some(reason)) => write!(f, "ignored, {}", reason),
}
}
}
trait Formatter {
/// Writes a line of output, typically status information.
fn writeln(&self, line: &str);
/// Log the result of a test, either passing or failing.
fn log_test(&self, name: &str, result: &TestResult);
/// Convert a thrown value into a string, using platform-specific apis
/// perhaps to turn the error into a string.
fn stringify_error(&self, val: &JsValue) -> String;
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern "C" {
#[wasm_bindgen(js_namespace = console, js_name = log)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn js_console_log(s: &str);
#[wasm_bindgen(js_namespace = console, js_name = error)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn js_console_error(s: &str);
// General-purpose conversion into a `String`.
#[wasm_bindgen(js_name = String)]
fn stringify(val: &JsValue) -> String;
}
/// Internal implementation detail of the `console_log!` macro.
pub fn console_log(args: &fmt::Arguments) {
js_console_log(&args.to_string());
}
/// Internal implementation detail of the `console_error!` macro.
pub fn console_error(args: &fmt::Arguments) {
js_console_error(&args.to_string());
}
#[wasm_bindgen(js_class = WasmBindgenTestContext)]
impl Context {
/// Creates a new context ready to run tests.
///
/// A `Context` is the main structure through which test execution is
/// coordinated, and this will collect output and results for all executed
/// tests.
#[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
pub fn new() -> Context {
fn panic_handling(mut message: String) {
let should_panic = CURRENT_OUTPUT.with(|output| {
let mut output = output.borrow_mut();
output.panic.push_str(&message);
output.should_panic
});
// See https://github.com/rustwasm/console_error_panic_hook/blob/4dc30a5448ed3ffcfb961b1ad54d000cca881b84/src/lib.rs#L83-L123.
if !should_panic {
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern "C" {
type Error;
#[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
fn new() -> Error;
#[wasm_bindgen(method, getter)]
fn stack(error: &Error) -> String;
}
message.push_str("\n\nStack:\n\n");
let e = Error::new();
let stack = e.stack();
message.push_str(&stack);
message.push_str("\n\n");
js_console_error(&message);
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
static SET_HOOK: std::sync::Once = std::sync::Once::new();
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
SET_HOOK.call_once(|| {
std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
panic_handling(panic_info.to_string());
}));
});
#[cfg(all(
not(feature = "std"),
target_arch = "wasm32",
any(target_os = "unknown", target_os = "none")
))]
#[panic_handler]
fn panic_handler(panic_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo<'_>) -> ! {
panic_handling(panic_info.to_string());
core::arch::wasm32::unreachable();
}
let formatter = match detect::detect() {
detect::Runtime::Browser => Box::new(browser::Browser::new()) as Box<dyn Formatter>,
detect::Runtime::Node => Box::new(node::Node::new()) as Box<dyn Formatter>,
detect::Runtime::Worker => Box::new(worker::Worker::new()) as Box<dyn Formatter>,
};
Context {
state: Rc::new(State {
filter: Default::default(),
include_ignored: Default::default(),
skip: Default::default(),
failures: Default::default(),
filtered: Default::default(),
ignored: Default::default(),
remaining: Default::default(),
running: Default::default(),
succeeded: Default::default(),
formatter,
}),
}
}
/// Inform this context about runtime arguments passed to the test
/// harness.
pub fn args(&mut self, args: Vec<JsValue>) {
let mut filter = self.state.filter.borrow_mut();
let mut skip = self.state.skip.borrow_mut();
let mut args = args.into_iter();
while let Some(arg) = args.next() {
let arg = arg.as_string().unwrap();
if arg == "--include-ignored" {
self.state.include_ignored.set(true);
} else if arg == "--skip" {
skip.push(
args.next()
.expect("Argument to option 'skip' missing")
.as_string()
.unwrap(),
);
} else if let Some(arg) = arg.strip_prefix("--skip=") {
skip.push(arg.to_owned())
} else if arg.starts_with('-') {
panic!("flag {} not supported", arg);
} else if filter.is_some() {
panic!("more than one filter argument cannot be passed");
} else {
*filter = Some(arg);
}
}
}
/// Executes a list of tests, returning a promise representing their
/// eventual completion.
///
/// This is the main entry point for executing tests. All the tests passed
/// in are the JS `Function` object that was plucked off the
/// `WebAssembly.Instance` exports list.
///
/// The promise returned resolves to either `true` if all tests passed or
/// `false` if at least one test failed.
pub fn run(&self, tests: Vec<JsValue>) -> Promise {
let noun = if tests.len() == 1 { "test" } else { "tests" };
self.state
.formatter
.writeln(&format!("running {} {}", tests.len(), noun));
self.state.formatter.writeln("");
// Execute all our test functions through their Wasm shims (unclear how
// to pass native function pointers around here). Each test will
// execute one of the `execute_*` tests below which will push a
// future onto our `remaining` list, which we'll process later.
let cx_arg = (self as *const Context as u32).into();
for test in tests {
match Function::from(test).call1(&JsValue::null(), &cx_arg) {
Ok(_) => {}
Err(e) => {
panic!(
"exception thrown while creating a test: {}",
self.state.formatter.stringify_error(&e)
);
}
}
}
// Now that we've collected all our tests we wrap everything up in a
// future to actually do all the processing, and pass it out to JS as a
// `Promise`.
let state = self.state.clone();
future_to_promise(async {
let passed = ExecuteTests(state).await;
Ok(JsValue::from(passed))
})
}
}
crate::scoped_thread_local!(static CURRENT_OUTPUT: RefCell<Output>);
/// Handler for `console.log` invocations.
///
/// If a test is currently running it takes the `args` array and stringifies
/// it and appends it to the current output of the test. Otherwise it passes
/// the arguments to the original `console.log` function, psased as
/// `original`.
//
// TODO: how worth is it to actually capture the output here? Due to the nature
// of futures/js we can't guarantee that all output is captured because JS code
// could just be executing in the void and we wouldn't know which test to
// attach it to. The main `test` crate in the rust repo also has issues about
// how not all output is captured, causing some inconsistencies sometimes.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn __wbgtest_console_log(args: &Array) {
record(args, |output| &mut output.log)
}
/// Handler for `console.debug` invocations. See above.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn __wbgtest_console_debug(args: &Array) {
record(args, |output| &mut output.debug)
}
/// Handler for `console.info` invocations. See above.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn __wbgtest_console_info(args: &Array) {
record(args, |output| &mut output.info)
}
/// Handler for `console.warn` invocations. See above.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn __wbgtest_console_warn(args: &Array) {
record(args, |output| &mut output.warn)
}
/// Handler for `console.error` invocations. See above.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn __wbgtest_console_error(args: &Array) {
record(args, |output| &mut output.error)
}
fn record(args: &Array, dst: impl FnOnce(&mut Output) -> &mut String) {
if !CURRENT_OUTPUT.is_set() {
return;
}
CURRENT_OUTPUT.with(|output| {
let mut out = output.borrow_mut();
let dst = dst(&mut out);
args.for_each(&mut |val, idx, _array| {
if idx != 0 {
dst.push(' ');
}
dst.push_str(&stringify(&val));
});
dst.push('\n');
});
}
/// Similar to [`std::process::Termination`], but for wasm-bindgen tests.
pub trait Termination {
/// Convert this into a JS result.
fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<(), JsValue>;
}
impl Termination for () {
fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
Ok(())
}
}
impl<E: core::fmt::Debug> Termination for Result<(), E> {
fn into_js_result(self) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
self.map_err(|e| JsError::new(&format!("{:?}", e)).into())
}
}
impl Context {
/// Entry point for a synchronous test in wasm. The `#[wasm_bindgen_test]`
/// macro generates invocations of this method.
pub fn execute_sync<T: Termination>(
&self,
name: &str,
f: impl 'static + FnOnce() -> T,
should_panic: Option<Option<&'static str>>,
ignore: Option<Option<&'static str>>,
) {
self.execute(name, async { f().into_js_result() }, should_panic, ignore);
}
/// Entry point for an asynchronous in wasm. The
/// `#[wasm_bindgen_test(async)]` macro generates invocations of this
/// method.
pub fn execute_async<F>(
&self,
name: &str,
f: impl FnOnce() -> F + 'static,
should_panic: Option<Option<&'static str>>,
ignore: Option<Option<&'static str>>,
) where
F: Future + 'static,
F::Output: Termination,
{
self.execute(
name,
async { f().await.into_js_result() },
should_panic,
ignore,
)
}
fn execute(
&self,
name: &str,
test: impl Future<Output = Result<(), JsValue>> + 'static,
should_panic: Option<Option<&'static str>>,
ignore: Option<Option<&'static str>>,
) {
// If our test is filtered out, record that it was filtered and move
// on, nothing to do here.
let filter = self.state.filter.borrow();
if let Some(filter) = &*filter {
if !name.contains(filter) {
let filtered = self.state.filtered.get();
self.state.filtered.set(filtered + 1);
return;
}
}
for skip in &*self.state.skip.borrow() {
if name.contains(skip) {
let filtered = self.state.filtered.get();
self.state.filtered.set(filtered + 1);
return;
}
}
if !self.state.include_ignored.get() {
if let Some(ignore) = ignore {
self.state
.formatter
.log_test(name, &TestResult::Ignored(ignore.map(str::to_owned)));
let ignored = self.state.ignored.get();
self.state.ignored.set(ignored + 1);
return;
}
}
// Looks like we've got a test that needs to be executed! Push it onto
// the list of remaining tests.
let output = Output {
should_panic: should_panic.is_some(),
..Default::default()
};
let output = Rc::new(RefCell::new(output));
let future = TestFuture {
output: output.clone(),
test,
};
self.state.remaining.borrow_mut().push(Test {
name: name.to_string(),
future: Pin::from(Box::new(future)),
output,
should_panic,
});
}
}
struct ExecuteTests(Rc<State>);
impl Future for ExecuteTests {
type Output = bool;
fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut task::Context) -> Poll<bool> {
let mut running = self.0.running.borrow_mut();
let mut remaining = self.0.remaining.borrow_mut();
// First up, try to make progress on all active tests. Remove any
// finished tests.
for i in (0..running.len()).rev() {
let result = match running[i].future.as_mut().poll(cx) {
Poll::Ready(result) => result,
Poll::Pending => continue,
};
let test = running.remove(i);
self.0.log_test_result(test, result.into());
}
// Next up, try to schedule as many tests as we can. Once we get a test
// we `poll` it once to ensure we'll receive notifications. We only
// want to schedule up to a maximum amount of work though, so this may
// not schedule all tests.
while running.len() < CONCURRENCY {
let mut test = match remaining.pop() {
Some(test) => test,
None => break,
};
let result = match test.future.as_mut().poll(cx) {
Poll::Ready(result) => result,
Poll::Pending => {
running.push(test);
continue;
}
};
self.0.log_test_result(test, result.into());
}
// Tests are still executing, we're registered to get a notification,
// keep going.
if running.len() != 0 {
return Poll::Pending;
}
// If there are no tests running then we must have finished everything,
// so we shouldn't have any more remaining tests either.
assert_eq!(remaining.len(), 0);
self.0.print_results();
let all_passed = self.0.failures.borrow().len() == 0;
Poll::Ready(all_passed)
}
}
impl State {
fn log_test_result(&self, test: Test, result: TestResult) {
// Save off the test for later processing when we print the final
// results.
if let Some(should_panic) = test.should_panic {
if let TestResult::Err(_e) = result {
if let Some(expected) = should_panic {
if !test.output.borrow().panic.contains(expected) {
self.formatter
.log_test(&test.name, &TestResult::Err(JsValue::NULL));
self.failures
.borrow_mut()
.push((test, Failure::ShouldPanicExpected));
return;
}
}
self.formatter.log_test(&test.name, &TestResult::Ok);
self.succeeded.set(self.succeeded.get() + 1);
} else {
self.formatter
.log_test(&test.name, &TestResult::Err(JsValue::NULL));
self.failures
.borrow_mut()
.push((test, Failure::ShouldPanic));
}
} else {
self.formatter.log_test(&test.name, &result);
match result {
TestResult::Ok => self.succeeded.set(self.succeeded.get() + 1),
TestResult::Err(e) => self.failures.borrow_mut().push((test, Failure::Error(e))),
_ => (),
}
}
}
fn print_results(&self) {
let failures = self.failures.borrow();
if failures.len() > 0 {
self.formatter.writeln("\nfailures:\n");
for (test, failure) in failures.iter() {
self.print_failure(test, failure);
}
self.formatter.writeln("failures:\n");
for (test, _) in failures.iter() {
self.formatter.writeln(&format!(" {}", test.name));
}
}
self.formatter.writeln("");
self.formatter.writeln(&format!(
"test result: {}. \
{} passed; \
{} failed; \
{} ignored; \
{} filtered out\n",
if failures.len() == 0 { "ok" } else { "FAILED" },
self.succeeded.get(),
failures.len(),
self.ignored.get(),
self.filtered.get(),
));
}
fn accumulate_console_output(&self, logs: &mut String, which: &str, output: &str) {
if output.is_empty() {
return;
}
logs.push_str(which);
logs.push_str(" output:\n");
logs.push_str(&tab(output));
logs.push('\n');
}
fn print_failure(&self, test: &Test, failure: &Failure) {
let mut logs = String::new();
let output = test.output.borrow();
match failure {
Failure::ShouldPanic => {
logs.push_str(&format!(
"note: {} did not panic as expected\n\n",
test.name
));
}
Failure::ShouldPanicExpected => {
logs.push_str("note: panic did not contain expected string\n");
logs.push_str(&format!(" panic message: `\"{}\"`,\n", output.panic));
logs.push_str(&format!(
" expected substring: `\"{}\"`\n\n",
test.should_panic.unwrap().unwrap()
));
}
_ => (),
}
self.accumulate_console_output(&mut logs, "debug", &output.debug);
self.accumulate_console_output(&mut logs, "log", &output.log);
self.accumulate_console_output(&mut logs, "info", &output.info);
self.accumulate_console_output(&mut logs, "warn", &output.warn);
self.accumulate_console_output(&mut logs, "error", &output.error);
if let Failure::Error(error) = failure {
logs.push_str("JS exception that was thrown:\n");
let error_string = self.formatter.stringify_error(error);
logs.push_str(&tab(&error_string));
}
let msg = format!("---- {} output ----\n{}", test.name, tab(&logs));
self.formatter.writeln(&msg);
}
}
/// A wrapper future around each test
///
/// This future is what's actually executed for each test and is what's stored
/// inside of a `Test`. This wrapper future performs two critical functions:
///
/// * First, every time when polled, it configures the `CURRENT_OUTPUT` tls
/// variable to capture output for the current test. That way at least when
/// we've got Rust code running we'll be able to capture output.
///
/// * Next, this "catches panics". Right now all Wasm code is configured as
/// panic=abort, but it's more like an exception in JS. It's pretty sketchy
/// to actually continue executing Rust code after an "abort", but we don't
/// have much of a choice for now.
///
/// Panics are caught here by using a shim function that is annotated with
/// `catch` so we can capture JS exceptions (which Rust panics become). This
/// way if any Rust code along the execution of a test panics we'll hopefully
/// capture it.
///
/// Note that both of the above aspects of this future are really just best
/// effort. This is all a bit of a hack right now when it comes down to it and
/// it definitely won't work in some situations. Hopefully as those situations
/// arise though we can handle them!
///
/// The good news is that everything should work flawlessly in the case where
/// tests have no output and execute successfully. And everyone always writes
/// perfect code on the first try, right? *sobs*
struct TestFuture<F> {
output: Rc<RefCell<Output>>,
test: F,
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern "C" {
#[wasm_bindgen(catch)]
fn __wbg_test_invoke(f: &mut dyn FnMut()) -> Result<(), JsValue>;
}
impl<F: Future<Output = Result<(), JsValue>>> Future for TestFuture<F> {
type Output = F::Output;
fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut task::Context) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
let output = self.output.clone();
// Use `new_unchecked` here to project our own pin, and we never
// move `test` so this should be safe
let test = unsafe { Pin::map_unchecked_mut(self, |me| &mut me.test) };
let mut future_output = None;
let result = CURRENT_OUTPUT.set(&output, || {
let mut test = Some(test);
__wbg_test_invoke(&mut || {
let test = test.take().unwrap_throw();
future_output = Some(test.poll(cx))
})
});
match (result, future_output) {
(_, Some(Poll::Ready(result))) => Poll::Ready(result),
(_, Some(Poll::Pending)) => Poll::Pending,
(Err(e), _) => Poll::Ready(Err(e)),
(Ok(_), None) => wasm_bindgen::throw_str("invalid poll state"),
}
}
}
fn tab(s: &str) -> String {
let mut result = String::new();
for line in s.lines() {
result.push_str(" ");
result.push_str(line);
result.push('\n');
}
result
}