DataFusion Query Optimizer

DataFusion is an extensible query execution framework, written in Rust, that uses Apache Arrow as its in-memory format.

DataFusion has modular design, allowing individual crates to be re-used in other projects.

This crate is a submodule of DataFusion that provides a query optimizer for logical plans, and contains an extensive set of OptimizerRules that may rewrite the plan and/or its expressions so they execute more quickly while still computing the same result.

Running the Optimizer

The following code demonstrates the basic flow of creating the optimizer with a default set of optimization rules and applying it to a logical plan to produce an optimized logical plan.

// We need a logical plan as the starting point. There are many ways to build a logical plan:
//
// The `datafusion-expr` crate provides a LogicalPlanBuilder
// The `datafusion-sql` crate provides a SQL query planner that can create a LogicalPlan from SQL
// The `datafusion` crate provides a DataFrame API that can create a LogicalPlan
let logical_plan = ...

let mut config = OptimizerContext::default();
let optimizer = Optimizer::new(&config);
let optimized_plan = optimizer.optimize(&logical_plan, &config, observe)?;

fn observe(plan: &LogicalPlan, rule: &dyn OptimizerRule) {
    println!(
        "After applying rule '{}':\n{}",
        rule.name(),
        plan.display_indent()
    )
}

Providing Custom Rules

The optimizer can be created with a custom set of rules.

let optimizer = Optimizer::with_rules(vec![
    Arc::new(MyRule {})
]);

Writing Optimization Rules

Please refer to the rewrite_expr example to learn more about the general approach to writing optimizer rules and then move onto studying the existing rules.

All rules must implement the OptimizerRule trait.

/// `OptimizerRule` transforms one ['LogicalPlan'] into another which
/// computes the same results, but in a potentially more efficient
/// way. If there are no suitable transformations for the input plan,
/// the optimizer can simply return it as is.
pub trait OptimizerRule {
    /// Rewrite `plan` to an optimized form
    fn optimize(
        &self,
        plan: &LogicalPlan,
        config: &dyn OptimizerConfig,
    ) -> Result<LogicalPlan>;

    /// A human readable name for this optimizer rule
    fn name(&self) -> &str;
}

General Guidelines

Rules typical walk the logical plan and walk the expression trees inside operators and selectively mutate individual operators or expressions.

Sometimes there is an initial pass that visits the plan and builds state that is used in a second pass that performs the actual optimization. This approach is used in projection push down and filter push down.

Expression Naming

Every expression in DataFusion has a name, which is used as the column name. For example, in this example the output contains a single column with the name "COUNT(aggregate_test_100.c9)":

❯ select count(c9) from aggregate_test_100;
+------------------------------+
| COUNT(aggregate_test_100.c9) |
+------------------------------+
| 100                          |
+------------------------------+

These names are used to refer to the columns in both subqueries as well as internally from one stage of the LogicalPlan to another. For example:

❯ select "COUNT(aggregate_test_100.c9)" + 1 from (select count(c9) from aggregate_test_100) as sq;
+--------------------------------------------+
| sq.COUNT(aggregate_test_100.c9) + Int64(1) |
+--------------------------------------------+
| 101                                        |
+--------------------------------------------+

Implication

Because DataFusion identifies columns using a string name, it means it is critical that the names of expressions are not changed by the optimizer when it rewrites expressions. This is typically accomplished by renaming a rewritten expression by adding an alias.

Here is a simple example of such a rewrite. The expression 1 + 2 can be internally simplified to 3 but must still be displayed the same as 1 + 2:

❯ select 1 + 2;
+---------------------+
| Int64(1) + Int64(2) |
+---------------------+
| 3                   |
+---------------------+

Looking at the EXPLAIN output we can see that the optimizer has effectively rewritten 1 + 2 into effectively 3 as "1 + 2":

❯ explain select 1 + 2;
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| plan_type     | plan                                            |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| logical_plan  | Projection: Int64(3) AS Int64(1) + Int64(2)     |
|               |   EmptyRelation                                 |
| physical_plan | ProjectionExec: expr=[3 as Int64(1) + Int64(2)] |
|               |   EmptyExec: produce_one_row=true               |
|               |                                                 |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------+

If the expression name is not preserved, bugs such as #3704 and #3555 occur where the expected columns can not be found.

Building Expression Names

There are currently two ways to create a name for an expression in the logical plan.

impl Expr {
    /// Returns the name of this expression as it should appear in a schema. This name
    /// will not include any CAST expressions.
    pub fn display_name(&self) -> Result<String> {
        create_name(self)
    }

    /// Returns a full and complete string representation of this expression.
    pub fn canonical_name(&self) -> String {
        format!("{}", self)
    }
}

When comparing expressions to determine if they are equivalent, canonical_name should be used, and when creating a name to be used in a schema, display_name should be used.

Utilities

There are a number of utility methods provided that take care of some common tasks.

ExprVisitor

The ExprVisitor and ExprVisitable traits provide a mechanism for applying a visitor pattern to an expression tree.

Here is an example that demonstrates this.

fn extract_subquery_filters(expression: &Expr, extracted: &mut Vec<Expr>) -> Result<()> {
    struct InSubqueryVisitor<'a> {
        accum: &'a mut Vec<Expr>,
    }

    impl ExpressionVisitor for InSubqueryVisitor<'_> {
        fn pre_visit(self, expr: &Expr) -> Result<Recursion<Self>> {
            if let Expr::InSubquery(_) = expr {
                self.accum.push(expr.to_owned());
            }
            Ok(Recursion::Continue(self))
        }
    }

    expression.accept(InSubqueryVisitor { accum: extracted })?;
    Ok(())
}

Rewriting Expressions

The MyExprRewriter trait can be implemented to provide a way to rewrite expressions. This rule can then be applied to an expression by calling Expr::rewrite (from the ExprRewritable trait).

The rewrite method will perform a depth first walk of the expression and its children to rewrite an expression, consuming self producing a new expression.

let mut expr_rewriter = MyExprRewriter {};
let expr = expr.rewrite(&mut expr_rewriter)?;

Here is an example implementation which will rewrite expr BETWEEN a AND b as expr >= a AND expr <= b. Note that the implementation does not need to perform any recursion since this is handled by the rewrite method.

struct MyExprRewriter {}

impl ExprRewriter for MyExprRewriter {
    fn mutate(&mut self, expr: Expr) -> Result<Expr> {
        match expr {
            Expr::Between {
                negated,
                expr,
                low,
                high,
            } => {
                let expr: Expr = expr.as_ref().clone();
                let low: Expr = low.as_ref().clone();
                let high: Expr = high.as_ref().clone();
                if negated {
                    Ok(expr.clone().lt(low).or(expr.clone().gt(high)))
                } else {
                    Ok(expr.clone().gt_eq(low).and(expr.clone().lt_eq(high)))
                }
            }
            _ => Ok(expr.clone()),
        }
    }
}

optimize_children

Typically a rule is applied recursively to all operators within a query plan. Rather than duplicate that logic in each rule, an optimize_children method is provided. This recursively invokes the optimize method on the plan's children and then returns a node of the same type.

fn optimize(
    &self,
    plan: &LogicalPlan,
    _config: &mut OptimizerConfig,
) -> Result<LogicalPlan> {
    // recurse down and optimize children first
    let plan = utils::optimize_children(self, plan, _config)?;

    ...
}

Writing Tests

There should be unit tests in the same file as the new rule that test the effect of the rule being applied to a plan in isolation (without any other rule being applied).

There should also be a test in integration-tests.rs that tests the rule as part of the overall optimization process.

Debugging

The EXPLAIN VERBOSE command can be used to show the effect of each optimization rule on a query.

In the following example, the type_coercion and simplify_expressions passes have simplified the plan so that it returns the constant "3.2" rather than doing a computation at execution time.

❯ explain verbose select cast(1 + 2.2 as string) as foo;
+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| plan_type                                                  | plan                                                                      |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| initial_logical_plan                                       | Projection: CAST(Int64(1) + Float64(2.2) AS Utf8) AS foo                  |
|                                                            |   EmptyRelation                                                           |
| logical_plan after type_coercion                           | Projection: CAST(CAST(Int64(1) AS Float64) + Float64(2.2) AS Utf8) AS foo |
|                                                            |   EmptyRelation                                                           |
| logical_plan after simplify_expressions                    | Projection: Utf8("3.2") AS foo                                            |
|                                                            |   EmptyRelation                                                           |
| logical_plan after unwrap_cast_in_comparison               | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after decorrelate_where_exists                | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after decorrelate_where_in                    | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after scalar_subquery_to_join                 | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after subquery_filter_to_join                 | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after simplify_expressions                    | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after eliminate_filter                        | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after reduce_cross_join                       | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after common_sub_expression_eliminate         | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after eliminate_limit                         | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after projection_push_down                    | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after rewrite_disjunctive_predicate           | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after reduce_outer_join                       | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after filter_push_down                        | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after limit_push_down                         | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan after single_distinct_aggregation_to_group_by | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| logical_plan                                               | Projection: Utf8("3.2") AS foo                                            |
|                                                            |   EmptyRelation                                                           |
| initial_physical_plan                                      | ProjectionExec: expr=[3.2 as foo]                                         |
|                                                            |   EmptyExec: produce_one_row=true                                         |
|                                                            |                                                                           |
| physical_plan after aggregate_statistics                   | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| physical_plan after join_selection                         | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| physical_plan after coalesce_batches                       | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| physical_plan after repartition                            | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| physical_plan after add_merge_exec                         | SAME TEXT AS ABOVE                                                        |
| physical_plan                                              | ProjectionExec: expr=[3.2 as foo]                                         |
|                                                            |   EmptyExec: produce_one_row=true                                         |
|                                                            |                                                                           |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+