# [RustCrypto]: PEM Encoding ([RFC 7468])
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Pure Rust implementation of PEM Encoding ([RFC 7468]) for PKIX, PKCS, and
CMS Structures, a strict subset of the original Privacy-Enhanced Mail encoding
intended specifically for use with cryptographic keys, certificates, and other
messages.
Provides a `no_std`-friendly, constant-time implementation suitable for use with
cryptographic private keys.
[Documentation][docs-link]
## About
Many cryptography-related document formats, such as certificates (PKIX),
private and public keys/keypairs (PKCS), and other cryptographic messages (CMS)
provide an ASCII encoding which can be traced back to Privacy-Enhanced Mail
(PEM) as defined [RFC 1421], which look like the following:
```text
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
MC4CAQAwBQYDK2VwBCIEIBftnHPp22SewYmmEoMcX8VwI4IHwaqd+9LFPj/15eqF
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
```
However, all of these formats actually implement a text-based encoding that is
similar to, but *not* identical with, the legacy PEM encoding as described in
[RFC 1421].
For this reason, [RFC 7468] was created to describe a stricter form of
"PEM encoding" for use in these applications which codifies the previously
de facto rules that most implementations operate by, and makes recommendations
to promote interoperability.
This crate attempts to implement a strict interpretation of the [RFC 7468]
rules, implementing all of the MUSTs and SHOULDs while avoiding the MAYs,
and targeting the "ABNF (Strict)" subset of the grammar as described in
Section 3 Figure 3.
## Implementation notes
- Core PEM implementation is `no_std`-friendly and requires no heap allocations.
- Avoids use of copies and temporary buffers.
- Uses the [`base64ct`] crate to decode/encode Base64 in constant-time.
- PEM parser avoids branching on potentially secret data as much as possible.
In the happy path, only 1-byte of secret data is potentially
branched upon.
The paper [Util::Lookup: Exploiting key decoding in cryptographic libraries][Util::Lookup]
demonstrates how the leakage from non-constant-time PEM parsers can be used
to practically extract RSA private keys from SGX enclaves.
## License
Licensed under either of:
* [Apache License, Version 2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
* [MIT license](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
at your option.
### Contribution
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be
dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
[//]: # (badges)
[crate-image]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/pem-rfc7468.svg
[crate-link]: https://crates.io/crates/pem-rfc7468
[docs-image]: https://docs.rs/pem-rfc7468/badge.svg
[docs-link]: https://docs.rs/pem-rfc7468/
[build-image]: https://github.com/RustCrypto/formats/actions/workflows/pem-rfc7468.yml/badge.svg
[build-link]: https://github.com/RustCrypto/formats/actions/workflows/pem-rfc7468.yml
[license-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache2.0/MIT-blue.svg
[rustc-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/rustc-1.51+-blue.svg
[chat-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-blue.svg
[chat-link]: https://rustcrypto.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/300570-formats
[//]: # (links)
[RustCrypto]: https://github.com/rustcrypto
[RFC 1421]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1421
[RFC 7468]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7468
[`base64ct`]: https://github.com/RustCrypto/formats/tree/master/base64ct
[Util::Lookup]: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.04600.pdf