Struct pyo3::types::PyAny

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pub struct PyAny(/* private fields */);

Expand description

Represents any Python object.

It currently only appears as a reference, &PyAny, with a lifetime that represents the scope during which the GIL is held.

PyAny has some interesting properties, which it shares with the other native Python types:

It can only be obtained and used while the GIL is held, therefore its API does not require a Python<'py> token.
It can’t be used in situations where the GIL is temporarily released, such as Python::allow_threads’s closure.
The underlying Python object, if mutable, can be mutated through any reference.
It can be converted to the GIL-independent Py<PyAny>, allowing it to outlive the GIL scope. However, using Py<PyAny>’s API does require a Python<'py> token.

It can be cast to a concrete type with PyAny::downcast (for native Python types only) and FromPyObject::extract. See their documentation for more information.

See the guide for an explanation of the different Python object types.

Implementations§

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impl PyAny

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pub fn is<T: AsPyPointer>(&self, other: &T) -> bool

Returns whether self and other point to the same object. To compare the equality of two objects (the == operator), use eq.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self is other.

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pub fn hasattr<N>(&self, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<bool>
where N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,

Determines whether this object has the given attribute.

This is equivalent to the Python expression hasattr(self, attr_name).

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern attr_name.

§Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name

#[pyfunction]
fn has_version(sys: &PyModule) -> PyResult<bool> {
    sys.hasattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
}

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pub fn getattr<N>(&self, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<&PyAny>
where N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,

Retrieves an attribute value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.attr_name.

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern attr_name.

§Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name

#[pyfunction]
fn version(sys: &PyModule) -> PyResult<&PyAny> {
    sys.getattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
}

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pub fn setattr<N, V>(&self, attr_name: N, value: V) -> PyResult<()>
where N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>, V: ToPyObject,

Sets an attribute value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.attr_name = value.

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name

#[pyfunction]
fn set_answer(ob: &PyAny) -> PyResult<()> {
    ob.setattr(intern!(ob.py(), "answer"), 42)
}

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pub fn delattr<N>(&self, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<()>
where N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,

Deletes an attribute.

This is equivalent to the Python statement del self.attr_name.

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern attr_name.

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pub fn compare<O>(&self, other: O) -> PyResult<Ordering>
where O: ToPyObject,

Returns an Ordering between self and other.

This is equivalent to the following Python code:

if self == other:
    return Equal
elif a < b:
    return Less
elif a > b:
    return Greater
else:
    raise TypeError("PyAny::compare(): All comparisons returned false")

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyFloat;
use std::cmp::Ordering;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let a = PyFloat::new(py, 0_f64);
    let b = PyFloat::new(py, 42_f64);
    assert_eq!(a.compare(b)?, Ordering::Less);
    Ok(())
})?;

It will return PyErr for values that cannot be compared:

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{PyFloat, PyString};

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let a = PyFloat::new(py, 0_f64);
    let b = PyString::new(py, "zero");
    assert!(a.compare(b).is_err());
    Ok(())
})?;

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pub fn rich_compare<O>( &self, other: O, compare_op: CompareOp ) -> PyResult<&PyAny>
where O: ToPyObject,

Tests whether two Python objects obey a given CompareOp.

lt, le, eq, ne, gt and ge are the specialized versions of this function.

Depending on the value of compare_op, this is equivalent to one of the following Python expressions:

`compare_op`	Python expression
`CompareOp::Eq`	`self == other`
`CompareOp::Ne`	`self != other`
`CompareOp::Lt`	`self < other`
`CompareOp::Le`	`self <= other`
`CompareOp::Gt`	`self > other`
`CompareOp::Ge`	`self >= other`

§Examples

use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp;
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyInt;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let a: &PyInt = 0_u8.into_py(py).into_ref(py).downcast()?;
    let b: &PyInt = 42_u8.into_py(py).into_ref(py).downcast()?;
    assert!(a.rich_compare(b, CompareOp::Le)?.is_true()?);
    Ok(())
})?;

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pub fn lt<O>(&self, other: O) -> PyResult<bool>
where O: ToPyObject,

Tests whether this object is less than another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self < other.

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pub fn le<O>(&self, other: O) -> PyResult<bool>
where O: ToPyObject,

Tests whether this object is less than or equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self <= other.

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pub fn eq<O>(&self, other: O) -> PyResult<bool>
where O: ToPyObject,

Tests whether this object is equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self == other.

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pub fn ne<O>(&self, other: O) -> PyResult<bool>
where O: ToPyObject,

Tests whether this object is not equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self != other.

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pub fn gt<O>(&self, other: O) -> PyResult<bool>
where O: ToPyObject,

Tests whether this object is greater than another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self > other.

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pub fn ge<O>(&self, other: O) -> PyResult<bool>
where O: ToPyObject,

Tests whether this object is greater than or equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self >= other.

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pub fn is_callable(&self) -> bool

Determines whether this object appears callable.

This is equivalent to Python’s callable() function.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let builtins = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
    let print = builtins.getattr("print")?;
    assert!(print.is_callable());
    Ok(())
})?;

This is equivalent to the Python statement assert callable(print).

Note that unless an API needs to distinguish between callable and non-callable objects, there is no point in checking for callability. Instead, it is better to just do the call and handle potential exceptions.

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pub fn call( &self, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>, kwargs: Option<&PyDict> ) -> PyResult<&PyAny>

Calls the object.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self(*args, **kwargs).

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyDict;

const CODE: &str = r#"
def function(*args, **kwargs):
    assert args == ("hello",)
    assert kwargs == {"cruel": "world"}
    return "called with args and kwargs"
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let kwargs = PyDict::new(py);
    kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
    let result = fun.call(args, Some(kwargs))?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
    Ok(())
})

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pub fn call0(&self) -> PyResult<&PyAny>

Calls the object without arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self().

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let module = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
    let help = module.getattr("help")?;
    help.call0()?;
    Ok(())
})?;

This is equivalent to the Python expression help().

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pub fn call1(&self, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>) -> PyResult<&PyAny>

Calls the object with only positional arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self(*args).

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

const CODE: &str = r#"
def function(*args, **kwargs):
    assert args == ("hello",)
    assert kwargs == {}
    return "called with args"
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let result = fun.call1(args)?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args");
    Ok(())
})

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pub fn call_method<N, A>( &self, name: N, args: A, kwargs: Option<&PyDict> ) -> PyResult<&PyAny>
where N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>, A: IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,

Calls a method on the object.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.name(*args, **kwargs).

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyDict;

const CODE: &str = r#"
class A:
    def method(self, *args, **kwargs):
        assert args == ("hello",)
        assert kwargs == {"cruel": "world"}
        return "called with args and kwargs"
a = A()
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let kwargs = PyDict::new(py);
    kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
    let result = instance.call_method("method", args, Some(kwargs))?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
    Ok(())
})

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pub fn call_method0<N>(&self, name: N) -> PyResult<&PyAny>
where N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,

Calls a method on the object without arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.name().

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

const CODE: &str = r#"
class A:
    def method(self, *args, **kwargs):
        assert args == ()
        assert kwargs == {}
        return "called with no arguments"
a = A()
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
    let result = instance.call_method0("method")?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with no arguments");
    Ok(())
})

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pub fn call_method1<N, A>(&self, name: N, args: A) -> PyResult<&PyAny>
where N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>, A: IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,

Calls a method on the object with only positional arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.name(*args).

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

const CODE: &str = r#"
class A:
    def method(self, *args, **kwargs):
        assert args == ("hello",)
        assert kwargs == {}
        return "called with args"
a = A()
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let result = instance.call_method1("method", args)?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args");
    Ok(())
})

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pub fn is_true(&self) -> PyResult<bool>

Returns whether the object is considered to be true.

This is equivalent to the Python expression bool(self).

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pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool

Returns whether the object is considered to be None.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self is None.

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pub fn is_ellipsis(&self) -> bool

Returns whether the object is Ellipsis, e.g. ....

This is equivalent to the Python expression self is ....

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pub fn is_empty(&self) -> PyResult<bool>

Returns true if the sequence or mapping has a length of 0.

This is equivalent to the Python expression len(self) == 0.

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pub fn get_item<K>(&self, key: K) -> PyResult<&PyAny>
where K: ToPyObject,

Gets an item from the collection.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self[key].

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pub fn set_item<K, V>(&self, key: K, value: V) -> PyResult<()>
where K: ToPyObject, V: ToPyObject,

Sets a collection item value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self[key] = value.

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pub fn del_item<K>(&self, key: K) -> PyResult<()>
where K: ToPyObject,

Deletes an item from the collection.

This is equivalent to the Python expression del self[key].

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pub fn iter(&self) -> PyResult<&PyIterator>

Takes an object and returns an iterator for it.

This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is an iterator, this returns itself.

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pub fn get_type(&self) -> &PyType

Returns the Python type object for this object’s type.

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pub fn get_type_ptr(&self) -> *mut PyTypeObject

Returns the Python type pointer for this object.

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pub fn downcast<'p, T>(&'p self) -> Result<&'p T, PyDowncastError<'_>>
where T: PyTryFrom<'p>,

Downcast this PyAny to a concrete Python type or pyclass.

Note that you can often avoid downcasting yourself by just specifying the desired type in function or method signatures. However, manual downcasting is sometimes necessary.

For extracting a Rust-only type, see PyAny::extract.

§Example: Downcasting to a specific Python object

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{PyDict, PyList};

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let dict = PyDict::new(py);
    assert!(dict.is_instance_of::<PyAny>());
    let any: &PyAny = dict.as_ref();

    assert!(any.downcast::<PyDict>().is_ok());
    assert!(any.downcast::<PyList>().is_err());
});

§Example: Getting a reference to a pyclass

This is useful if you want to mutate a PyObject that might actually be a pyclass.

use pyo3::prelude::*;

#[pyclass]
struct Class {
    i: i32,
}

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let class: &PyAny = Py::new(py, Class { i: 0 }).unwrap().into_ref(py);

    let class_cell: &PyCell<Class> = class.downcast()?;

    class_cell.borrow_mut().i += 1;

    // Alternatively you can get a `PyRefMut` directly
    let class_ref: PyRefMut<'_, Class> = class.extract()?;
    assert_eq!(class_ref.i, 1);
    Ok(())
})

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pub fn downcast_exact<'p, T>(&'p self) -> Result<&'p T, PyDowncastError<'_>>
where T: PyTryFrom<'p>,

Downcast this PyAny to a concrete Python type or pyclass (but not a subclass of it).

It is almost always better to use PyAny::downcast because it accounts for Python subtyping. Use this method only when you do not want to allow subtypes.

The advantage of this method over PyAny::downcast is that it is faster. The implementation of downcast_exact uses the equivalent of the Python expression type(self) is T, whereas downcast uses isinstance(self, T).

For extracting a Rust-only type, see PyAny::extract.

§Example: Downcasting to a specific Python object but not a subtype

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{PyBool, PyLong};

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let b = PyBool::new(py, true);
    assert!(b.is_instance_of::<PyBool>());
    let any: &PyAny = b.as_ref();

    // `bool` is a subtype of `int`, so `downcast` will accept a `bool` as an `int`
    // but `downcast_exact` will not.
    assert!(any.downcast::<PyLong>().is_ok());
    assert!(any.downcast_exact::<PyLong>().is_err());

    assert!(any.downcast_exact::<PyBool>().is_ok());
});

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pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<'p, T>(&'p self) -> &'p T
where T: PyTryFrom<'p>,

Converts this PyAny to a concrete Python type without checking validity.

§Safety

Callers must ensure that the type is valid or risk type confusion.

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pub fn extract<'a, D>(&'a self) -> PyResult<D>
where D: FromPyObject<'a>,

Extracts some type from the Python object.

This is a wrapper function around FromPyObject::extract().

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pub fn get_refcnt(&self) -> isize

Returns the reference count for the Python object.

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pub fn repr(&self) -> PyResult<&PyString>

Computes the “repr” representation of self.

This is equivalent to the Python expression repr(self).

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pub fn str(&self) -> PyResult<&PyString>

Computes the “str” representation of self.

This is equivalent to the Python expression str(self).

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pub fn hash(&self) -> PyResult<isize>

Retrieves the hash code of self.

This is equivalent to the Python expression hash(self).

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pub fn len(&self) -> PyResult<usize>

Returns the length of the sequence or mapping.

This is equivalent to the Python expression len(self).

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pub fn dir(&self) -> &PyList

Returns the list of attributes of this object.

This is equivalent to the Python expression dir(self).

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pub fn is_instance(&self, ty: &PyAny) -> PyResult<bool>

Checks whether this object is an instance of type ty.

This is equivalent to the Python expression isinstance(self, ty).

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pub fn is_exact_instance(&self, ty: &PyAny) -> bool

Checks whether this object is an instance of exactly type ty (not a subclass).

This is equivalent to the Python expression type(self) is ty.

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pub fn is_instance_of<T: PyTypeInfo>(&self) -> bool

Checks whether this object is an instance of type T.

This is equivalent to the Python expression isinstance(self, T), if the type T is known at compile time.

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pub fn is_exact_instance_of<T: PyTypeInfo>(&self) -> bool

Checks whether this object is an instance of exactly type T.

This is equivalent to the Python expression type(self) is T, if the type T is known at compile time.

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pub fn contains<V>(&self, value: V) -> PyResult<bool>
where V: ToPyObject,

Determines if self contains value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression value in self.

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pub fn py(&self) -> Python<'_>

Returns a GIL marker constrained to the lifetime of this type.

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pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut PyObject

Returns the raw FFI pointer represented by self.

§Safety

Callers are responsible for ensuring that the pointer does not outlive self.

The reference is borrowed; callers should not decrease the reference count when they are finished with the pointer.

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pub fn into_ptr(&self) -> *mut PyObject

Returns an owned raw FFI pointer represented by self.

§Safety

The reference is owned; when finished the caller should either transfer ownership of the pointer or decrease the reference count (e.g. with pyo3::ffi::Py_DecRef).

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pub fn py_super(&self) -> PyResult<&PySuper>

Available on non-PyPy only.

Return a proxy object that delegates method calls to a parent or sibling class of type.

This is equivalent to the Python expression super()

Trait Implementations§

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impl AsPyPointer for PyAny

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fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut PyObject

Returns the underlying FFI pointer as a borrowed pointer.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for CancelledError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for IncompleteReadError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for InvalidStateError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for LimitOverrunError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PanicException

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyArithmeticError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyAssertionError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyAttributeError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyBaseException

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyBlockingIOError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyBool

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyBrokenPipeError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyBufferError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyByteArray

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyBytes

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyBytesWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyCFunction

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyCapsule

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl<T: PyClass> AsRef<PyAny> for PyCell<T>

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyChildProcessError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyCode

Available on non-Py_LIMITED_API only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyComplex

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyConnectionAbortedError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyConnectionError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyConnectionRefusedError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyConnectionResetError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDate

Available on non-Py_LIMITED_API only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDateTime

Available on non-Py_LIMITED_API only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDelta

Available on non-Py_LIMITED_API only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDeprecationWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDict

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDictItems

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDictKeys

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyDictValues

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyEOFError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyEllipsis

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyEncodingWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyEnvironmentError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyException

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFileExistsError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFileNotFoundError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFloat

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFloatingPointError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFrame

Available on non-Py_LIMITED_API and non-PyPy only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFrozenSet

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFunction

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyFutureWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyGeneratorExit

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyIOError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyImportError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyImportWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyIndexError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyInterruptedError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyIsADirectoryError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyIterator

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyKeyError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyKeyboardInterrupt

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyList

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyLong

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyLookupError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyMapping

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyMemoryError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyModule

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyModuleNotFoundError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyNameError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyNone

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyNotADirectoryError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyNotImplemented

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyNotImplementedError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyOSError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyOverflowError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyPendingDeprecationWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyPermissionError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyProcessLookupError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyRecursionError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyReferenceError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyResourceWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyRuntimeError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyRuntimeWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySequence

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySet

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySlice

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyStopAsyncIteration

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyStopIteration

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyString

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySuper

Available on non-PyPy only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySyntaxError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySyntaxWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySystemError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PySystemExit

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyTime

Available on non-Py_LIMITED_API only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyTimeoutError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyTraceback

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyTuple

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyType

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyTypeError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyTzInfo

Available on non-Py_LIMITED_API only.

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyUnboundLocalError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyUnicodeDecodeError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyUnicodeEncodeError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyUnicodeError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyUnicodeTranslateError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyUnicodeWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyUserWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyValueError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyWarning

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for PyZeroDivisionError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for QueueEmpty

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for QueueFull

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for TimeoutError

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for gaierror

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for herror

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl AsRef<PyAny> for timeout

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &PyAny

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.

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impl Debug for PyAny

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fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

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impl Display for PyAny

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fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

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