Trait wasmtime_environ::__core::convert::From

1.0.0 · source · [−]
pub trait From<T> {
    fn from(T) -> Self;
}
Expand description

Used to do value-to-value conversions while consuming the input value. It is the reciprocal of Into.

One should always prefer implementing From over Into because implementing From automatically provides one with an implementation of Into thanks to the blanket implementation in the standard library.

Only implement Into when targeting a version prior to Rust 1.41 and converting to a type outside the current crate. From was not able to do these types of conversions in earlier versions because of Rust’s orphaning rules. See Into for more details.

Prefer using Into over using From when specifying trait bounds on a generic function. This way, types that directly implement Into can be used as arguments as well.

The From is also very useful when performing error handling. When constructing a function that is capable of failing, the return type will generally be of the form Result<T, E>. The From trait simplifies error handling by allowing a function to return a single error type that encapsulate multiple error types. See the “Examples” section and the book for more details.

Note: This trait must not fail. The From trait is intended for perfect conversions. If the conversion can fail or is not perfect, use TryFrom.

Generic Implementations

  • From<T> for U implies Into<U> for T
  • From is reflexive, which means that From<T> for T is implemented

Examples

String implements From<&str>:

An explicit conversion from a &str to a String is done as follows:

let string = "hello".to_string();
let other_string = String::from("hello");

assert_eq!(string, other_string);

While performing error handling it is often useful to implement From for your own error type. By converting underlying error types to our own custom error type that encapsulates the underlying error type, we can return a single error type without losing information on the underlying cause. The ‘?’ operator automatically converts the underlying error type to our custom error type by calling Into<CliError>::into which is automatically provided when implementing From. The compiler then infers which implementation of Into should be used.

use std::fs;
use std::io;
use std::num;

enum CliError {
    IoError(io::Error),
    ParseError(num::ParseIntError),
}

impl From<io::Error> for CliError {
    fn from(error: io::Error) -> Self {
        CliError::IoError(error)
    }
}

impl From<num::ParseIntError> for CliError {
    fn from(error: num::ParseIntError) -> Self {
        CliError::ParseError(error)
    }
}

fn open_and_parse_file(file_name: &str) -> Result<i32, CliError> {
    let mut contents = fs::read_to_string(&file_name)?;
    let num: i32 = contents.trim().parse()?;
    Ok(num)
}

Required Methods

Converts to this type from the input type.

Implementations on Foreign Types

Copies the string into a newly allocated Box<OsStr>.

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

Converts the string reference into a Cow::Borrowed.

Creates a new instance of an RwLock<T> which is unlocked. This is equivalent to RwLock::new.

Creates an Ipv6Addr from a sixteen element byte array.

Examples
use std::net::Ipv6Addr;

let addr = Ipv6Addr::from([
    25u8, 24u8, 23u8, 22u8, 21u8, 20u8, 19u8, 18u8,
    17u8, 16u8, 15u8, 14u8, 13u8, 12u8, 11u8, 10u8,
]);
assert_eq!(
    Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x1918, 0x1716,
        0x1514, 0x1312,
        0x1110, 0x0f0e,
        0x0d0c, 0x0b0a
    ),
    addr
);

Copies this address to a new IpAddr::V4.

Examples
use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr};

let addr = Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1);

assert_eq!(
    IpAddr::V4(addr),
    IpAddr::from(addr)
)

Converts an OsString into an Arc<OsStr> by moving the OsString data into a new Arc buffer.

Converts a ChildStdout into a Stdio.

Examples

ChildStdout will be converted to Stdio using Stdio::from under the hood.

use std::process::{Command, Stdio};

let hello = Command::new("echo")
    .arg("Hello, world!")
    .stdout(Stdio::piped())
    .spawn()
    .expect("failed echo command");

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .stdin(hello.stdout.unwrap())  // Converted into a Stdio here
    .output()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

assert_eq!(reverse.stdout, b"!dlrow ,olleH\n");

Creates an IpAddr::V6 from a sixteen element byte array.

Examples
use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv6Addr};

let addr = IpAddr::from([
    25u8, 24u8, 23u8, 22u8, 21u8, 20u8, 19u8, 18u8,
    17u8, 16u8, 15u8, 14u8, 13u8, 12u8, 11u8, 10u8,
]);
assert_eq!(
    IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x1918, 0x1716,
        0x1514, 0x1312,
        0x1110, 0x0f0e,
        0x0d0c, 0x0b0a
    )),
    addr
);

Converts a RecvError into a RecvTimeoutError.

This conversion always returns RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected.

No data is allocated on the heap.

Creates a boxed Path from a reference.

This will allocate and clone path to it.

Copies any value implementing AsRef<OsStr> into a newly allocated OsString.

Copies the string into a newly allocated Arc<OsStr>.

Converts a type of Error + Send + Sync into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

unsafe impl Send for AnError {}

unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
Examples
use std::collections::HashMap;

let map1 = HashMap::from([(1, 2), (3, 4)]);
let map2: HashMap<_, _> = [(1, 2), (3, 4)].into();
assert_eq!(map1, map2);

Converts a host byte order u32 into an Ipv4Addr.

Examples
use std::net::Ipv4Addr;

let addr = Ipv4Addr::from(0x12345678);
assert_eq!(Ipv4Addr::new(0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78), addr);

Construct an ExitCode from an arbitrary u8 value.

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

Creates a clone-on-write pointer from a reference to Path.

This conversion does not clone or allocate.

Converts a String into an OsString.

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

Create a new cell with its contents set to value.

Example
#![feature(once_cell)]

use std::lazy::SyncOnceCell;

let a = SyncOnceCell::from(3);
let b = SyncOnceCell::new();
b.set(3)?;
assert_eq!(a, b);
Ok(())

Converts a Box<Path> into a PathBuf.

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

Moves the string into a Cow::Owned.

Creates an IpAddr::V4 from a four element byte array.

Examples
use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr};

let addr = IpAddr::from([13u8, 12u8, 11u8, 10u8]);
assert_eq!(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(13, 12, 11, 10)), addr);

Copies this address to a new IpAddr::V6.

Examples
use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv6Addr};

let addr = Ipv6Addr::new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0xc00a, 0x2ff);

assert_eq!(
    IpAddr::V6(addr),
    IpAddr::from(addr)
);

Converts a SocketAddrV4 into a SocketAddr::V4.

Converts an Ipv4Addr into a host byte order u32.

Examples
use std::net::Ipv4Addr;

let addr = Ipv4Addr::new(0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78);
assert_eq!(0x12345678, u32::from(addr));

Converts a Cow<'a, OsStr> into an OsString, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

Creates an IpAddr::V6 from an eight element 16-bit array.

Examples
use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv6Addr};

let addr = IpAddr::from([
    525u16, 524u16, 523u16, 522u16,
    521u16, 520u16, 519u16, 518u16,
]);
assert_eq!(
    IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x20d, 0x20c,
        0x20b, 0x20a,
        0x209, 0x208,
        0x207, 0x206
    )),
    addr
);

Creates a new mutex in an unlocked state ready for use. This is equivalent to Mutex::new.

Converts a SocketAddrV6 into a SocketAddr::V6.

Converts a tuple struct (Into<IpAddr>, u16) into a SocketAddr.

This conversion creates a SocketAddr::V4 for an IpAddr::V4 and creates a SocketAddr::V6 for an IpAddr::V6.

u16 is treated as port of the newly created SocketAddr.

Converts a RecvError into a TryRecvError.

This conversion always returns TryRecvError::Disconnected.

No data is allocated on the heap.

Converts a Box<OsStr> into an OsString without copying or allocating.

Convert an Ipv6Addr into a host byte order u128.

Examples
use std::net::Ipv6Addr;

let addr = Ipv6Addr::new(
    0x1020, 0x3040, 0x5060, 0x7080,
    0x90A0, 0xB0C0, 0xD0E0, 0xF00D,
);
assert_eq!(0x102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F00D_u128, u128::from(addr));

Converts a String into a PathBuf

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

Creates a clone-on-write pointer from a reference to PathBuf.

This conversion does not clone or allocate.

Converts a type of Error into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

Converts a PathBuf into an Arc<Path> by moving the PathBuf data into a new Arc buffer.

Creates an Ipv6Addr from an eight element 16-bit array.

Examples
use std::net::Ipv6Addr;

let addr = Ipv6Addr::from([
    525u16, 524u16, 523u16, 522u16,
    521u16, 520u16, 519u16, 518u16,
]);
assert_eq!(
    Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x20d, 0x20c,
        0x20b, 0x20a,
        0x209, 0x208,
        0x207, 0x206
    ),
    addr
);

Converts a ChildStdin into a Stdio.

Examples

ChildStdin will be converted to Stdio using Stdio::from under the hood.

use std::process::{Command, Stdio};

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .stdin(Stdio::piped())
    .spawn()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

let _echo = Command::new("echo")
    .arg("Hello, world!")
    .stdout(reverse.stdin.unwrap()) // Converted into a Stdio here
    .output()
    .expect("failed echo command");

// "!dlrow ,olleH" echoed to console

Converts a borrowed OsStr to a PathBuf.

Allocates a PathBuf and copies the data into it.

Intended for use for errors not exposed to the user, where allocating onto the heap (for normal construction via Error::new) is too costly.

Converts an ErrorKind into an Error.

This conversion creates a new error with a simple representation of error kind.

Examples
use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};

let not_found = ErrorKind::NotFound;
let error = Error::from(not_found);
assert_eq!("entity not found", format!("{error}"));

Converts a clone-on-write pointer to an owned path.

Converting from a Cow::Owned does not clone or allocate.

Converts a File into a Stdio.

Examples

File will be converted to Stdio using Stdio::from under the hood.

use std::fs::File;
use std::process::Command;

// With the `foo.txt` file containing `Hello, world!"
let file = File::open("foo.txt").unwrap();

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .stdin(file)  // Implicit File conversion into a Stdio
    .output()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

assert_eq!(reverse.stdout, b"!dlrow ,olleH");

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

Creates a boxed Path from a clone-on-write pointer.

Converting from a Cow::Owned does not clone or allocate.

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

Convert a host byte order u128 into an Ipv6Addr.

Examples
use std::net::Ipv6Addr;

let addr = Ipv6Addr::from(0x102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F00D_u128);
assert_eq!(
    Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x1020, 0x3040, 0x5060, 0x7080,
        0x90A0, 0xB0C0, 0xD0E0, 0xF00D,
    ),
    addr);

Converts a PathBuf into an OsString

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

Converts a PathBuf into an Rc<Path> by moving the PathBuf data into a new Rc buffer.

Converts the string reference into a Cow::Borrowed.

Converts a SendError<T> into a TrySendError<T>.

This conversion always returns a TrySendError::Disconnected containing the data in the SendError<T>.

No data is allocated on the heap.

Converts a PathBuf into a Box<Path>.

This conversion currently should not allocate memory, but this behavior is not guaranteed on all platforms or in all future versions.

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error.

Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

Converts an OsString into a Box<OsStr> without copying or allocating.

Converts a ChildStderr into a Stdio.

Examples
use std::process::{Command, Stdio};

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .arg("non_existing_file.txt")
    .stderr(Stdio::piped())
    .spawn()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

let cat = Command::new("cat")
    .arg("-")
    .stdin(reverse.stderr.unwrap()) // Converted into a Stdio here
    .output()
    .expect("failed echo command");

assert_eq!(
    String::from_utf8_lossy(&cat.stdout),
    "rev: cannot open non_existing_file.txt: No such file or directory\n"
);

Converts a [alloc::ffi::NulError] into a io::Error.

Creates a clone-on-write pointer from an owned instance of PathBuf.

This conversion does not clone or allocate.

Examples
use std::collections::HashSet;

let set1 = HashSet::from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
let set2: HashSet<_> = [1, 2, 3, 4].into();
assert_eq!(set1, set2);

Converts an OsString into a PathBuf

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

Copies the string into a newly allocated Rc<OsStr>.

Converts a Cow<'a, OsStr> into a Box<OsStr>, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

Creates an Ipv4Addr from a four element byte array.

Examples
use std::net::Ipv4Addr;

let addr = Ipv4Addr::from([13u8, 12u8, 11u8, 10u8]);
assert_eq!(Ipv4Addr::new(13, 12, 11, 10), addr);

Converts an OsString into an Rc<OsStr> by moving the OsString data into a new Rc buffer.

Converts a Path into an Rc by copying the Path data into a new Rc buffer.

Converts a Path into an Arc by copying the Path data into a new Arc buffer.

Converts f32 to f64 losslessly.

Converts u8 to u32 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroI64 into an i64

Converts i8 to i64 losslessly.

Converts u8 to u128 losslessly.

Converts u16 to u32 losslessly.

Converts a bool to a usize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(usize::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(usize::from(false), 0);

Converts i16 to isize losslessly.

Converts i16 to i128 losslessly.

Converts u8 to u16 losslessly.

Converts u8 to i16 losslessly.

Converts u32 to u64 losslessly.

Converts i16 to i64 losslessly.

Converts u64 to u128 losslessly.

Converts u8 to f64 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroIsize into an isize

Converts i8 to i32 losslessly.

Converts u8 to i128 losslessly.

Converts u16 to usize losslessly.

Converts i8 to i128 losslessly.

Converts i32 to i64 losslessly.

Converts a bool to a u8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(u8::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u8::from(false), 0);

Converts a bool to a u64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(u64::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u64::from(false), 0);

Converts a bool to a i32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(i32::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i32::from(false), 0);

Converts i8 to isize losslessly.

Converts a bool to a isize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(isize::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(isize::from(false), 0);

Converts u32 to i128 losslessly.

Converts i16 to f32 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroU128 into an u128

Converts u16 to i64 losslessly.

Converts a bool to a u32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(u32::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u32::from(false), 0);

Converts u8 to u64 losslessly.

Converts u8 to i32 losslessly.

Converts u8 to isize losslessly.

Converts u16 to i32 losslessly.

Converts a bool to a i64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(i64::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i64::from(false), 0);

Maps a byte in 0x00..=0xFF to a char whose code point has the same value, in U+0000..=U+00FF.

Unicode is designed such that this effectively decodes bytes with the character encoding that IANA calls ISO-8859-1. This encoding is compatible with ASCII.

Note that this is different from ISO/IEC 8859-1 a.k.a. ISO 8859-1 (with one less hyphen), which leaves some “blanks”, byte values that are not assigned to any character. ISO-8859-1 (the IANA one) assigns them to the C0 and C1 control codes.

Note that this is also different from Windows-1252 a.k.a. code page 1252, which is a superset ISO/IEC 8859-1 that assigns some (not all!) blanks to punctuation and various Latin characters.

To confuse things further, on the Web ascii, iso-8859-1, and windows-1252 are all aliases for a superset of Windows-1252 that fills the remaining blanks with corresponding C0 and C1 control codes.

Converts a u8 into a char.

Examples
use std::mem;

let u = 32 as u8;
let c = char::from(u);
assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&c))

Converts a NonZeroI8 into an i8

Converts a NonZeroU16 into an u16

Converts a char into a u32.

Examples
use std::mem;

let c = 'c';
let u = u32::from(c);
assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&u))

Converts i8 to i16 losslessly.

Converts a char into a u128.

Examples
use std::mem;

let c = '⚙';
let u = u128::from(c);
assert!(16 == mem::size_of_val(&u))

Converts u32 to u128 losslessly.

Converts u16 to u64 losslessly.

Converts i32 to i128 losslessly.

Converts i8 to f32 losslessly.

Converts a bool to a i16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(i16::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i16::from(false), 0);

Converts i32 to f64 losslessly.

Converts a char into a u64.

Examples
use std::mem;

let c = '👤';
let u = u64::from(c);
assert!(8 == mem::size_of_val(&u))

Converts a NonZeroI16 into an i16

Converts a NonZeroU64 into an u64

Converts i16 to i32 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroU32 into an u32

Converts u16 to f64 losslessly.

Converts a bool to a u16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(u16::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u16::from(false), 0);

Converts a bool to a u128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(u128::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u128::from(false), 0);

Converts u8 to usize losslessly.

Converts u32 to f64 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroUsize into an usize

Converts u32 to i64 losslessly.

Converts u16 to u128 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroI128 into an i128

Converts i64 to i128 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroU8 into an u8

Converts i16 to f64 losslessly.

Converts u16 to i128 losslessly.

Converts u16 to f32 losslessly.

Converts i8 to f64 losslessly.

Converts u8 to i64 losslessly.

Converts u8 to f32 losslessly.

Converts a bool to a i128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(i128::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i128::from(false), 0);

Converts u64 to i128 losslessly.

Converts a NonZeroI32 into an i32

Converts a bool to a i8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples
assert_eq!(i8::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i8::from(false), 0);

Converts a reference-counted string slice into a byte slice.

Example
let string: Rc<str> = Rc::from("eggplant");
let bytes: Rc<[u8]> = Rc::from(string);
assert_eq!("eggplant".as_bytes(), bytes.as_ref());

Converts a CString into a Vec<u8>.

The conversion consumes the CString, and removes the terminating NUL byte.

Create an atomically reference-counted pointer from a clone-on-write pointer by copying its content.

Example
let cow: Cow<str> = Cow::Borrowed("eggplant");
let shared: Arc<str> = Arc::from(cow);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

Allocate a reference-counted string slice and copy v into it.

Example
let original: String = "statue".to_owned();
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!("statue", &shared[..]);

Convert a vector into a boxed slice.

If v has excess capacity, its items will be moved into a newly-allocated buffer with exactly the right capacity.

Examples
assert_eq!(Box::from(vec![1, 2, 3]), vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice());

Converts a Cow<'_, [T]> into a Box<[T]>

When cow is the Cow::Borrowed variant, this conversion allocates on the heap and copies the underlying slice. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned Vec’s allocation.

Converts a T into a Box<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

Examples
let x = 5;
let boxed = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);

Converts a Cow<'_, str> into a Box<str>

When cow is the Cow::Borrowed variant, this conversion allocates on the heap and copies the underlying str. Otherwise, it will try to reuse the owned String’s allocation.

Examples
use std::borrow::Cow;

let unboxed = Cow::Borrowed("hello");
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");
let unboxed = Cow::Owned("hello".to_string());
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from(unboxed);
println!("{boxed}");

Converts the given String to a boxed str slice that is owned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = Box::from(s1);
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

Converts a Cow<'a, CStr> into a CString, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

Allocate a reference-counted slice and move v’s items into it.

Example
let unique: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
let shared: Arc<[i32]> = Arc::from(unique);
assert_eq!(&[1, 2, 3], &shared[..]);

Convert a boxed slice into a vector by transferring ownership of the existing heap allocation.

Examples
let b: Box<[i32]> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_boxed_slice();
assert_eq!(Vec::from(b), vec![1, 2, 3]);

Creates an Owned variant of Cow from an owned instance of Vec.

This conversion does not allocate or clone the data.

Converts a CString into an owned Cow without copying or allocating.

Allocate a reference-counted str and copy v into it.

Example
let unique: String = "eggplant".to_owned();
let shared: Arc<str> = Arc::from(unique);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

Converts a Vec<T> into a BinaryHeap<T>.

This conversion happens in-place, and has O(n) time complexity.

Allocate a Vec<u8> and fill it with a UTF-8 string.

Examples
assert_eq!(Vec::from("123"), vec![b'1', b'2', b'3']);

Creates a Borrowed variant of Cow from a slice.

This conversion does not allocate or clone the data.

Allocate a Vec<T> and fill it by cloning s’s items.

Examples
assert_eq!(Vec::from(&mut [1, 2, 3][..]), vec![1, 2, 3]);

Converts a &mut str into a String.

The result is allocated on the heap.

Allocate a Vec<T> and move s’s items into it.

Examples
assert_eq!(Vec::from([1, 2, 3]), vec![1, 2, 3]);

Allocate a reference-counted string slice and copy v into it.

Example
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from("statue");
assert_eq!("statue", &shared[..]);

Converts a &str into a String.

The result is allocated on the heap.

Converts a CString into a Box<CStr> without copying or allocating.

Converts a CString into an Rc<CStr> by moving the CString data into a new Arc buffer.

Converts a [(K, V); N] into a BTreeMap<(K, V)>.

use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let map1 = BTreeMap::from([(1, 2), (3, 4)]);
let map2: BTreeMap<_, _> = [(1, 2), (3, 4)].into();
assert_eq!(map1, map2);

Converts a String into an Owned variant. No heap allocation is performed, and the string is not copied.

Example
let s = "eggplant".to_string();
let s2 = "eggplant".to_string();
assert_eq!(Cow::from(s), Cow::<'static, str>::Owned(s2));

Create a reference-counted pointer from a clone-on-write pointer by copying its content.

Example
let cow: Cow<str> = Cow::Borrowed("eggplant");
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from(cow);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

Converts a [T; N] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion moves the array to newly heap-allocated memory.

Examples
let boxed: Box<[u8]> = Box::from([4, 2]);
println!("{boxed:?}");

Converts the given boxed str slice to a String. It is notable that the str slice is owned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = s1.into_boxed_str();
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

Converts a &CStr into a Rc<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Rc.

Converts a Cow<'a, CStr> into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents if they are borrowed.

Allocate a reference-counted slice and fill it by cloning v’s items.

Example
let original: &[i32] = &[1, 2, 3];
let shared: Rc<[i32]> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(&[1, 2, 3], &shared[..]);

Converts a &CString into a borrowed Cow without copying or allocating.

Convert a clone-on-write slice into a vector.

If s already owns a Vec<T>, it will be returned directly. If s is borrowing a slice, a new Vec<T> will be allocated and filled by cloning s’s items into it.

Examples
let o: Cow<[i32]> = Cow::Owned(vec![1, 2, 3]);
let b: Cow<[i32]> = Cow::Borrowed(&[1, 2, 3]);
assert_eq!(Vec::from(o), Vec::from(b));

Turn a Vec<T> into a VecDeque<T>.

This avoids reallocating where possible, but the conditions for that are strict, and subject to change, and so shouldn’t be relied upon unless the Vec<T> came from From<VecDeque<T>> and hasn’t been reallocated.

Converts a &CStr into a Arc<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Arc.

Converts a &CStr into a Box<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Box.

Converts the given String to a vector Vec that holds values of type u8.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1 = String::from("hello world");
let v1 = Vec::from(s1);

for b in v1 {
    println!("{b}");
}

Allocates an owned String from a single character.

Example
let c: char = 'a';
let s: String = String::from(c);
assert_eq!("a", &s[..]);

Converts a [T; N] into a VecDeque<T>.

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deq1 = VecDeque::from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
let deq2: VecDeque<_> = [1, 2, 3, 4].into();
assert_eq!(deq1, deq2);

Converts a string slice into a Borrowed variant. No heap allocation is performed, and the string is not copied.

Example
assert_eq!(Cow::from("eggplant"), Cow::Borrowed("eggplant"));

Converts a CString into an Arc<CStr> by moving the CString data into a new Arc buffer.

Allocate a Vec<T> and fill it by cloning s’s items.

Examples
assert_eq!(Vec::from(&[1, 2, 3][..]), vec![1, 2, 3]);

Converts a [T; N] into a BTreeSet<T>.

use std::collections::BTreeSet;

let set1 = BTreeSet::from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
let set2: BTreeSet<_> = [1, 2, 3, 4].into();
assert_eq!(set1, set2);

Converts a &[T] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of slice.

Examples
// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{boxed_slice:?}");

Converts a &str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

Examples
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
println!("{boxed}");

Converts a String reference into a Borrowed variant. No heap allocation is performed, and the string is not copied.

Example
let s = "eggplant".to_string();
assert_eq!(Cow::from(&s), Cow::Borrowed("eggplant"));

Converts a generic type T into an Rc<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

Example
let x = 5;
let rc = Rc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Rc::from(x), rc);

Creates a Borrowed variant of Cow from a reference to Vec.

This conversion does not allocate or clone the data.

Allocate a reference-counted str and copy v into it.

Example
let shared: Arc<str> = Arc::from("eggplant");
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

Allocate a reference-counted slice and fill it by cloning v’s items.

Example
let original: &[i32] = &[1, 2, 3];
let shared: Arc<[i32]> = Arc::from(original);
assert_eq!(&[1, 2, 3], &shared[..]);

Turn a VecDeque<T> into a Vec<T>.

This never needs to re-allocate, but does need to do O(n) data movement if the circular buffer doesn’t happen to be at the beginning of the allocation.

Examples
use std::collections::VecDeque;

// This one is *O*(1).
let deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
let ptr = deque.as_slices().0.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);

// This one needs data rearranging.
let mut deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
deque.push_front(9);
deque.push_front(8);
let ptr = deque.as_slices().1.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);

Converts a BinaryHeap<T> into a Vec<T>.

This conversion requires no data movement or allocation, and has constant time complexity.

Converts a Vec<NonZeroU8> into a CString without copying nor checking for inner null bytes.

Allocate a reference-counted slice and move v’s items into it.

Example
let original: Box<Vec<i32>> = Box::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
let shared: Rc<Vec<i32>> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(vec![1, 2, 3], *shared);

Converts a &String into a String.

This clones s and returns the clone.

Converts an atomically reference-counted string slice into a byte slice.

Example
let string: Arc<str> = Arc::from("eggplant");
let bytes: Arc<[u8]> = Arc::from(string);
assert_eq!("eggplant".as_bytes(), bytes.as_ref());

Move a boxed object to a new, reference counted, allocation.

Example
let original: Box<i32> = Box::new(1);
let shared: Rc<i32> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(1, *shared);
use std::collections::BinaryHeap;

let mut h1 = BinaryHeap::from([1, 4, 2, 3]);
let mut h2: BinaryHeap<_> = [1, 4, 2, 3].into();
while let Some((a, b)) = h1.pop().zip(h2.pop()) {
    assert_eq!(a, b);
}

Always evaluates to TryReserveErrorKind::CapacityOverflow.

Converts a clone-on-write string to an owned instance of String.

This extracts the owned string, clones the string if it is not already owned.

Example
// If the string is not owned...
let cow: Cow<str> = Cow::Borrowed("eggplant");
// It will allocate on the heap and copy the string.
let owned: String = String::from(cow);
assert_eq!(&owned[..], "eggplant");

Move a boxed object to a new, reference-counted allocation.

Example
let unique: Box<str> = Box::from("eggplant");
let shared: Arc<str> = Arc::from(unique);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);

Converts a CStr into a borrowed Cow without copying or allocating.

Converts a T into an Arc<T>

The conversion moves the value into a newly allocated Arc. It is equivalent to calling Arc::new(t).

Example
let x = 5;
let arc = Arc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Arc::from(x), arc);

Converts a [T; N] into a LinkedList<T>.

use std::collections::LinkedList;

let list1 = LinkedList::from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
let list2: LinkedList<_> = [1, 2, 3, 4].into();
assert_eq!(list1, list2);

Converts a Box<CStr> into a CString without copying or allocating.

Converts a Box<str> into a Box<[u8]>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

Examples
// create a Box<str> which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
let boxed_str: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(boxed);

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice = Box::from(slice);

assert_eq!(boxed_slice, boxed_str);
Examples
use indexmap::IndexSet;

let set1 = IndexSet::from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
let set2: IndexSet<_> = [1, 2, 3, 4].into();
assert_eq!(set1, set2);
Examples
use indexmap::IndexMap;

let map1 = IndexMap::from([(1, 2), (3, 4)]);
let map2: IndexMap<_, _> = [(1, 2), (3, 4)].into();
assert_eq!(map1, map2);

Implementors

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impl From<__m128> for Simd<f32, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m128d> for Simd<f64, 2_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<i8, 16_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<i16, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<i32, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<i64, 2_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<isize, 2_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<u8, 16_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<u16, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<u32, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<u64, 2_usize>

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impl From<__m128i> for Simd<usize, 2_usize>

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impl From<__m256> for Simd<f32, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m256d> for Simd<f64, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<i8, 32_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<i16, 16_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<i32, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<i64, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<isize, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<u8, 32_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<u16, 16_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<u32, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<u64, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m256i> for Simd<usize, 4_usize>

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impl From<__m512> for Simd<f32, 16_usize>

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impl From<__m512d> for Simd<f64, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<i8, 64_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<i16, 32_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<i32, 16_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<i64, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<isize, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<u8, 64_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<u16, 32_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<u32, 16_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<u64, 8_usize>

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impl From<__m512i> for Simd<usize, 8_usize>

Stability note: This impl does not yet exist, but we are “reserving space” to add it in the future. See rust-lang/rust#64715 for details.