Trait cairo_vm::with_std::convert::From

1.0.0 · source ·

pub trait From<T>: Sized {
    // Required method
    fn from(value: T) -> Self;
}

Expand description

Used to do value-to-value conversions while consuming the input value. It is the reciprocal of Into.

One should always prefer implementing From over Into because implementing From automatically provides one with an implementation of Into thanks to the blanket implementation in the standard library.

Only implement Into when targeting a version prior to Rust 1.41 and converting to a type outside the current crate. From was not able to do these types of conversions in earlier versions because of Rust’s orphaning rules. See Into for more details.

Prefer using Into over using From when specifying trait bounds on a generic function. This way, types that directly implement Into can be used as arguments as well.

The From trait is also very useful when performing error handling. When constructing a function that is capable of failing, the return type will generally be of the form Result<T, E>. From simplifies error handling by allowing a function to return a single error type that encapsulates multiple error types. See the “Examples” section and the book for more details.

Note: This trait must not fail. The From trait is intended for perfect conversions. If the conversion can fail or is not perfect, use TryFrom.

§Generic Implementations

From<T> for U implies Into for T
From is reflexive, which means that From<T> for T is implemented

§When to implement `From`

While there’s no technical restrictions on which conversions can be done using a From implementation, the general expectation is that the conversions should typically be restricted as follows:

The conversion is infallible: if the conversion can fail, use TryFrom instead; don’t provide a From impl that panics.
The conversion is lossless: semantically, it should not lose or discard information. For example, i32: From<u16> exists, where the original value can be recovered using u16: TryFrom<i32>. And String: From<&str> exists, where you can get something equivalent to the original value via Deref. But From cannot be used to convert from u32 to u16, since that cannot succeed in a lossless way. (There’s some wiggle room here for information not considered semantically relevant. For example, Box<[T]>: From<Vec<T>> exists even though it might not preserve capacity, like how two vectors can be equal despite differing capacities.)
The conversion is value-preserving: the conceptual kind and meaning of the resulting value is the same, even though the Rust type and technical representation might be different. For example -1_i8 as u8 is lossless, since as casting back can recover the original value, but that conversion is not available via From because -1 and 255 are different conceptual values (despite being identical bit patterns technically). But f32: From<i16> is available because 1_i16 and 1.0_f32 are conceptually the same real number (despite having very different bit patterns technically). String: From<char> is available because they’re both text, but String: From<u32> is not available, since 1 (a number) and "1" (text) are too different. (Converting values to text is instead covered by the Display trait.)
The conversion is obvious: it’s the only reasonable conversion between the two types. Otherwise it’s better to have it be a named method or constructor, like how str::as_bytes is a method and how integers have methods like u32::from_ne_bytes, u32::from_le_bytes, and u32::from_be_bytes, none of which are From implementations. Whereas there’s only one reasonable way to wrap an Ipv6Addr into an IpAddr, thus IpAddr: From<Ipv6Addr> exists.

§Examples

String implements From<&str>:

An explicit conversion from a &str to a String is done as follows:

let string = "hello".to_string();
let other_string = String::from("hello");

assert_eq!(string, other_string);

While performing error handling it is often useful to implement From for your own error type. By converting underlying error types to our own custom error type that encapsulates the underlying error type, we can return a single error type without losing information on the underlying cause. The ‘?’ operator automatically converts the underlying error type to our custom error type with From::from.

use std::fs;
use std::io;
use std::num;

enum CliError {
    IoError(io::Error),
    ParseError(num::ParseIntError),
}

impl From<io::Error> for CliError {
    fn from(error: io::Error) -> Self {
        CliError::IoError(error)
    }
}

impl From<num::ParseIntError> for CliError {
    fn from(error: num::ParseIntError) -> Self {
        CliError::ParseError(error)
    }
}

fn open_and_parse_file(file_name: &str) -> Result<i32, CliError> {
    let mut contents = fs::read_to_string(&file_name)?;
    let num: i32 = contents.trim().parse()?;
    Ok(num)
}

Required Methods§

1.0.0 · source

fn from(value: T) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

Object Safety§

This trait is not object safe.

Trait cairo_vm::with_std::convert::FromCopy item path

§Generic Implementations

§When to implement From

§Examples

Required Methods§

fn from(value: T) -> Self

Object Safety§

Implementors§

impl From<&MaybeRelocatable> for MaybeRelocatable

impl From<&str> for Value

impl From<&str> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<str>

impl From<&str> for String

impl From<&str> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Vec<u8>

impl From<&str> for Rc<str>

impl From<&str> for Arc<str>

impl From<&str> for allocator_api2::stable::vec::Vec<u8>

impl From<&String> for String

impl From<&Vec<usize>> for PublicMemoryPage

impl From<&Felt> for MaybeRelocatable

impl From<&Relocatable> for MaybeRelocatable

impl From<&Relocatable> for Relocatable

impl From<&Memory> for CairoPieMemory

impl From<&Formatter<'_>> for FormatterOptions

impl From<&CStr> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<CStr>

impl From<&CStr> for Rc<CStr>

impl From<&CStr> for Arc<CStr>

impl From<&CStr> for CString

impl From<&CStr> for allocator_api2::stable::boxed::Box<CStr>

impl From<&OsStr> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<OsStr>

impl From<&OsStr> for Rc<OsStr>

impl From<&OsStr> for Arc<OsStr>

impl From<&Path> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<Path>

impl From<&Path> for Rc<Path>

impl From<&Path> for Arc<Path>

impl From<&Aes128Enc> for Aes128

impl From<&Aes128Enc> for Aes128Dec

impl From<&Aes192Enc> for Aes192

impl From<&Aes192Enc> for Aes192Dec

impl From<&Aes256Enc> for Aes256

impl From<&Aes256Enc> for Aes256Dec

impl From<&StreamResult> for Result<MZStatus, MZError>

impl From<&StreamResult> for Result<MZStatus, MZError>

impl From<&BigInt> for Felt

impl From<&BigUint> for Felt

impl From<&AffinePoint> for ProjectivePoint

impl From<&ProjectivePoint> for AffinePoint

impl From<&FieldElement> for Uint<crypto_bigint::::uint::U256::{constant#0}>

impl From<&NonZeroFelt> for Felt

impl From<&ChaCha8Rng> for ChaCha8Rng

impl From<&ChaCha12Rng> for ChaCha12Rng

impl From<&ChaCha20Rng> for ChaCha20Rng

impl From<&mut str> for String

impl From<&mut Formatter<'_>> for FormatterOptions

impl From<(isize, usize)> for MaybeRelocatable

impl From<(isize, usize)> for Relocatable

impl From<(isize, usize)> for SegmentInfo

impl From<(usize, usize)> for MemorySegmentAddresses

impl From<HashChainError> for ProgramHashError

impl From<Cow<'_, str>> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<str>

impl From<Cow<'_, CStr>> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<CStr>

impl From<Cow<'_, OsStr>> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<OsStr>

impl From<Cow<'_, Path>> for cairo_vm::stdlib::prelude::Box<Path>

impl From<MathError> for HintError

impl From<MathError> for MemoryError

impl From<MathError> for RunnerError

impl From<MathError> for VirtualMachineError

impl From<ProgramError> for CairoRunError

impl From<MaybeRelocatable> for CairoArg

impl From<CairoPieValidationError> for CairoRunError

impl From<ExecScopeError> for HintError

impl From<ExecScopeError> for VirtualMachineError

impl From<InsufficientAllocatedCellsError> for MemoryError

impl From<MemoryError> for CairoRunError

impl From<MemoryError> for HintError

impl From<MemoryError> for RunnerError

impl From<MemoryError> for TraceError

impl From<MemoryError> for VirtualMachineError

impl From<RunnerError> for CairoRunError

impl From<RunnerError> for VirtualMachineError

impl From<TraceError> for PublicInputError

Trait cairo_vm::with_std::convert::From

§When to implement `From`